Rembert said, "I know people have heard her name before, but I just thought we should have a day to celebrate her." But Colvin told the driver she had paid her fare and that it was her constitutional right to remain where she was. When Ms Nesbitt, her 10th grade teacher, asked the class to write down what they wanted to be, she unfolded a piece of paper with Colvin's handwriting on it that said: "President of the United States. Fifty years have passed since campaigners overturned a ban on ethnic minorities working on buses in one British city. In a United States district court, she testified before the three-judge panel that heard the case. She worked there for 35 years, retiring in 2004. Gary Younge investigates, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. In the south, male ministers made up the overwhelming majority of leaders. Letters of support came from as far afield as Oregon and California. I was thinking, Hey, I did that months ago, Colvin recalled. She and her son Raymond moved in with Velma while Colvin looked for work. By Monday, the day the boycott began, Colvin had already been airbrushed from the official version of events. "[38], Colvin's role has not gone completely unrecognized. Claudette had two sons named Raymond and Randy Colvin, and her first pregnancy was at the age of 16 with a much older man. Another factor was that before long Colvin became pregnant. ", A personal tragedy for her was seen as a political liability by the town's civil rights leaders. Roy White, who was in charge of most of the project, asked Colvin if she would like to appear in a video to tell her story, but Colvin refused. Another cracked a joke about her bra size. 45.148.121.138 [4], "The bus was getting crowded, and I remember the bus driver looking through the rearview mirror asking her [Colvin] to get up for the white woman, which she didn't," said Annie Larkins Price, a classmate of Colvin. James Edward "Jungle Jim" Colvin, 69, of Juliette, Georgia, passed away on Saturday, February 25, 2023. However, not one has bothered to interview her. But, as she recalls her teenage years after the arrest and the pregnancy, she hovers between resentment, sadness and bewilderment at the way she was treated. I knew what was happening, but I just kept trying to shut it out.". For several hours, she sat in jail, completely terrified. Like Parks, she, too, pleaded not guilty to breaking the law. "She had been yelling, 'It's my constitutional right!'. Nobody can doubt the height of her character, nobody can doubt the depth of her Christian commitment and devotion to the teachings of Jesus." ", 'Facts speak only when the historian calls on them," wrote the historian EH Carr in his landmark work, What Is History? During her pregnancy, she was abandoned by civil rights leaders. They forced her into the back of a squad car, one officer jumping in after her. . Clubs called special meetings and discussed the event with some degree of alarm. To the exclusively male and predominantly middle-class, church-dominated, local black leadership in Montgomery, she was a fallen woman. Some people questioned if the father was a white male. . [2] Colvin and her sister referred to the Colvins as their parents and took their last name. That meant most of the dark complexion ones didn't like themselves. "She was not the first person to be arrested for violation of the bus seating ordinance," said J Mills Thornton, an author and academic. New York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 23:25. King's role in the boycott transformed him into a national figure of the civil rights movement, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. It was her individual courage that triggered the collective display of defiance that turned a previously unknown 26-year-old preacher, Martin Luther King, into a household name. The lighter you were, it was generally thought, the better; the closer your skin tone was to caramel, the closer you were perceived to be to whatever power structure prevailed, and the more likely you were to attract suspicion from those of a darker hue. Telephones rang. [16] On March 2, 1955, she was returning home from school. Nonetheless, Raymond died at the age of 37, reported Core Online. She became quiet and withdrawn. They had threatened to throw her out of the Booker T Washington school for wearing her hair in plaits. [30] Claudette began a job in 1969 as a nurse's aide in a nursing home in Manhattan. Ward and Paul Headley. However, some white passengers still refused to sit near a black person. That was worse than stealing, you know, talking back to a white person. "[20], Browder v. Gayle made its way through the courts. Three of the students had got up reluctantly and I remained sitting next to the window," she says. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 in New York of a heart attack at age 37. I didn't get up, because I didn't feel like I was breaking the law. The churches, buses and schools were all segregated and you couldn't even go into the same restaurants," Claudette Colvin says. She concentrated her mind on things she had been learning at school. Before the Rosa Parks incident took place, Claudette Colvin was arrested for challenging the bus segregation system. The full enormity of what she had done was only just beginning to dawn on her. "I was really afraid, because you just didn't know what white people might do at that time," says Colvin. Blake approached her. Colvin left Montgomery for New York in 1958, because she had difficulty finding and keeping work after the notoriety of the . But the very spirit and independence of mind that had inspired Parks to challenge segregation started to pose a threat to Montgomery's black male hierarchy, which had started to believe, and then resent, their own spin. Colvin was initially charged with disturbing the peace, violating the segregation laws, and battering and assaulting a police officer. [34], Colvin has often said she is not angry that she did not get more recognition; rather, she is disappointed. "But according to [the commissioner], she was the first person ever to enter a plea of not guilty to such a charge.". Charged with disturbing the peace, breaking the bus segregation laws and assaulting the officers who had apprehended her, she was released later that night. As in 2023, Claudette Colvin's age is 83 years. Colvin was a kid. "So I went and I testified about the system and I was saying that the system treated us unfairly and I used some of the language that they used when we got taken off the bus.". Colvin says that after Supreme Court made its decision, things slowly began to change. She had sons named Raymond and Randy. Ms. Colvin made her stand on March 2, 1955, and Mrs. "Had it not been for Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith, there may not have been a Thurgood Marshall, a Martin Luther King or a Rosa Parks. In July 2014, Claudette Colvin's story was documented in a television episode of Drunk History (Montgomery, AL (Season 2, Episode 1)). ", To complicate matters, a pregnant black woman, Mrs Hamilton, got on and sat next to Colvin. After her arrest and release to the custody of her pastor and great-aunt, the bright, opinionated Colvin insisted to everyone within earshot that she wanted to contest the charges. I was glued to my seat," she later told Newsweek. Like Parks, she, too, pleaded not guilty to. "It is the second time since the Claudette Colvin case that a Negro woman has been arrested for the same thing.". Her casting as the prim, ageing, guileless seamstress with her hair in a bun who just happened to be in the wrong place at the right time denied her track record of militancy and feminism. "For a while, there was a real distance between me and Mrs Parks over this. Her timing was superb. . It is time for President Obama to. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. Claudette Colvin, 81, was a true pioneer in the Civil Rights Movement. "They said they didn't want to use a pregnant teenager because it would be controversial and the people would talk about the pregnancy more than the boycott," Colvin says. A second son, Randy, born in 1960, gave her four grandchildren, who are all deeply proud of their grandmother's heroism. In this respect, the civil rights movement in Montgomery moved fast. [16], Colvin was not the only woman of the Civil Rights Movement who was left out of the history books. The organisation didn't want a teenager in the role, she says. ", If that were not enough, the son, Raymond, to whom she would give birth in December, emerged light-skinned: "He came out looking kind of yellow, and then I was ostracised because I wouldn't say who the father was and they thought it was a white man. I felt like Sojourner Truth was pushing down on one shoulder and Harriet Tubman was pushing down on the othersaying, 'Sit down girl!' After Colvin was released from prison, there were fears that her home would be attacked. Parks's arrest sparked a chain reaction that started the bus boycott that launched the civil rights movement that transformed the apartheid of America's southern states from a local idiosyncrasy to an international scandal. Nixon referred to her as a "lovely, stupid woman"; ministers would greet her at church functions, with irony, "Well, if it isn't the superstar." She still has one - a handwritten note from William Harris in Sacramento. "She was a victim of both the forces of history and the forces of destiny," said King, in a quote now displayed in the civil rights museum in Atlanta. It is here, at 658 Dixie Drive, that Colvin, 61, was raised by a great aunt, who was a maid, and great uncle, who was a "yard boy", whom she grew up calling her parents. Colvin gave birth to her first son Raymond Jun 5, 1956. "We didn't know what was going to happen, but we knew something would happen. But somewhere en route they mislaid the truth. He was so light-skinned (like his father) that people frequently said she had a baby by a white man. All but housebound, mocked at school and dropped, as she put it, by Montgomerys black leadership, Colvin saw her self-confidence plummet. "Claudette gave all of us moral courage. [Mrs Hamilton] said she was not going to get up and that she had paid her fare and that she didn't feel like standing," recalls Colvin. "She was a bookworm," says Gloria Hardin, who went to school with Colvin and who still lives in King Hill. It was a journey not only into history but also mythology. It reads: "The wonderful thing which you have just done makes me feel like a craven coward. The pace of life is so slow and the mood so mellow that local residents look as if they have been wading through molasses in a half-hearted attempt to catch up with the past 50 years. The decision in the 1956 case, which had been filed by Fred Gray and Charles D. Langford on behalf of the aforementioned African American women, ruled that Montgomery's segregated bus system was unconstitutional. The United States District Court ruled the state of Alabama and Montgomery's bus segregation laws were unconstitutional. Ms. Colvin in New York on Feb. 5, 2009. I was sitting on the last seat that they said you could sit in. ", Some in Montgomery, particularly in King Hill, think the decision was informed by snobbery. They would have come and seen my parents and found me someone to marry. "Whenever people ask me: 'Why didn't you get up when the bus driver asked you?' Parks was, too. "He said he wanted the people to know about the 15-year-old, because really, if I had not made the first cry for freedom, there wouldn't have been a Rosa Parks, and after Rosa Parks, there wouldn't have been a Dr King. "She gave me the feeling that I was the Moses that God had sent to Pharaoh," said Fred Gray, the lawyer who went on to represent her. Colvin was the first person to be arrested for challenging Montgomery's bus segregation policies, so her story made a few local papers - but nine months later, the same act of defiance by Rosa Parks was reported all over the world. Video1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat, How 10% of Nigerian registered voters delivered victory, Sake brewers toast big rise in global sales, The Indian-American CEO who wants to be US president, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. The leaders in the Civil Rights Movement tried to keep up appearances and make the "most appealing" protesters the most seen. A sanitation worker, Mr Harris, got up, gave her his seat and got off the bus. I was glad that an adult had finally stood up to the system, but I felt left out.. Smith was arrested in October 1955, but was also not considered an appropriate candidate for a broader campaign - ED Nixon claimed that her father was a drunkard; Smith insists he was teetotal. Unable to find work in Montgomery, Colvin moved to New York in 1958, while her son Raymond remained behind with family. Claudette Colvin's birthstone is Sapphire. I had been kicked out of school, and I had a 3-month-old baby.. The policeman arrived, displaying two of the characteristics for which white Southern men had become renowned: gentility and racism. "The light-skinned girls always thought they were better looking," says Colvin. "He asked us both to get up. Angry protests erupt over Greek rail disaster, Explosive found in check-in luggage at US airport, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. Rosa Parks stated: "If the white press got ahold of that information, they would have [had] a field day. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Biography: You Need to Know: Bayard Rustin, Biography: You Need to Know: Sylvia Rivera, Biography: You Need to Know: Dorothy Pittman Hughes, 10 Influential Asian American and Pacific Islander Activists. That summer she became pregnant by a much older man. Parkss protest helped spark the Montgomery bus boycott, which black leaders sought to supplement with a federal civil suit challenging the constitutionality of Montgomerys bus laws. Most Popular #5576. But there were two things about Colvin's stand on that March day that made it significant. [39], In 2019, a statue of Rosa Parks was unveiled in Montgomery, Alabama, and four granite markers were also unveiled near the statue on the same day to honor four plaintiffs in Browder v. Gayle, including Colvin[40][41][42], In 2021 Colvin applied to the family court in Montgomery County, Alabama to have her juvenile record expunged. "I had almost a life history of being rebellious against being mistreated against my colour," she said. Claudette Colvin was born on September 5, 1939, in Montgomery, Alabama. I heard about the court decision on the news, Colvin recalled. "We walked downtown and my friends and I saw the bus and decided to get on, it was right across the road from Dr Martin Luther King's church," Colvin says. At the time, Parks was a seamstress in a local department store but was also a secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP). [26], Together with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, and Jeanetta Reese, Colvin was one of the five plaintiffs in the court case of Browder v. Gayle. Complexity, with all its nuances and shaded realities, is a messy business. Browder vs Gayle Claudette Colvin, Aurelia S Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, and Jeanette Reese were plaintiffs in the court case of Browder vs Gayle. Rosa didnt give me enough time to put in for a day off, she recalled. People often make death hoaxes of well-known personalities to get public attention and views. Aster is known as a talisman of love and an enduring symbol of elegance. Nor was Colvin the last to be passed over. On March 2, 1955, Colvin was riding home on a city bus after school when a bus driver told her to give up her seat to a white passenger. [2][14] Despite being a good student, Colvin had difficulty connecting with her peers in school due to grief. "It is he who decides which facts to give the floor and in what order or context. "They put him on death row." Her son, Raymond, was born in March 1956. If one white person wanted to sit down there, then all the black people on that row were supposed to get up and either stand or move further to the back. ", The upshot was that Colvin was left in an incredibly vulnerable position. [50], In 2022, a biopic of Colvin titled Spark written by Niceole R. Levy and directed by Anthony Mackie was announced. ", She believes that, if her pregnancy had been the only issue, they would have found a way to overcome it. Colvin is not exactly bitter. It was this dark, clever, angry young woman who boarded the Highland Avenue bus on Friday, March 2, 1955, opposite Martin Luther King's church on Dexter Avenue, Montgomery. 2023 BBC. The death news of Colvin, which has been going on the Internet, is untrue; she is alive and is 83. Until recently, none of her workmates knew anything of her pioneering role in the civil rights movement. Months before Rosa Parks became the mother of the modern civil rights movement by refusing to move to the back of a segregated Alabama bus, Black teenager Claudette Colvin did the same. I started protecting my crotch. In March 1955, nine months before Rosa Parks defied segregation laws by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin did exactly the same thing. A second son, Randy, born in 1960, gave her four grandchildren, who are all deeply proud of their grandmothers heroism. "So did the teachers, too. But they dont say that Columbus discovered America; they should say, for the European people, that is, you know, their discovery of the new world. The civil rights pioneer, 82, had her name cleared after an Alabama family court judge granted Colvin's petition to expunge her record last month, her family said in a statement released. However, her story is often silenced. All Rights Reserved. Like Colvin, Parks was commuting home and was seated in the "coloured section" of the bus. When Colvin moved to New York many years later to become a nurse, she didn't tell many people about the part she played in the civil rights movement. On 2 March 1955, Colvin and her friends finished their classes and were let out of school early. Despite her personal challenges, Colvin became one of the four plaintiffs in the Browder v. Gayle case, along with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith (Jeanatta Reese, who was initially named a plaintiff in the case, withdrew early on due to outside pressure). She also had become pregnant and they thought an unwed mother would attract too much negative attention in a public legal battle. "I became very active in her youth group and we use to meet every Sunday afternoon at the Luther church," she says. An ad hoc committee headed by the most prominent local black activist, ED Nixon, was set up to discuss the possibility of making Colvin's arrest a test case. ", Almost 50 years on, Colvin still talks about the incident with a mixture of shock and indignation - as though she still cannot believe that this could have happened to her. If the bus became so crowded that all the "white seats" in the front of the bus were filled until white people were standing, any African Americans were supposed to get up from nearby seats to make room for whites, move further to the back, and stand in the aisle if there were no free seats in that section. Some have tried to change that. [28], The Montgomery bus boycott was able to unify the people of Montgomery, regardless of educational background or class. Under the twisted logic of segregation the white woman still couldn't sit down, as then white and black passengers would have been sharing a row of seats - and the whole point was that white passengers were meant to be closer to the front. Her reputation also made it impossible for her to find a job. Phillip Hoose. "It's interesting that Claudette Colvin was not in the group, and rarely, if ever, rode a bus again in Montgomery," wrote Frank Sikora, an Alabama-based academic and author. "In a few hours, every Negro youngster on the streets discussed Colvin's arrest. First, it came less than a year after the US supreme court had outlawed the "separate but equal" policy that had provided the legal basis for racial segregation - what had been custom and practice in the South for generations was now against federal law and could be challenged in the courts. Colvin has remained unmarried all her life. Claudette Colvin was born Claudette Austin in Montgomery, Alabama, on September 5, 1939, to Mary Jane Gadson and C. P. Austin. Colvin never married but gave birth to two sons, the first was Raymond Colvin (b. December 1955, died 1993). The three black passengers sitting alongside Parks rose reluctantly. The driver wanted all of them to move to the back and stand so that the white passenger could sit. He wasn't." The driver caught a glimpse of them through his mirror. Colvin was not invited officially for the formal dedication of the museum, which opened to the public in September 2016. ", Nonetheless, the shock waves of her defiance had reverberated throughout Montgomery and beyond. "I told Mrs Parks, as I had told other leaders in Montgomery, that I thought the Claudette Colvin arrest was a good test case to end segregation on the buses," says Fred Gray, Parks's lawyer. "She had remained calm all during the days of her waiting period and during the trial," wrote Robinson. Colvin could not attend the proclamation due to health concerns. Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. Moreover, she was not the first person to take a stand by keeping her seat and challenging the system. "We just sat there and waited for it all to happen," says Gloria Hardin, who was on the bus, too. After training, she landed a job as a nurses aide in a Catholic hospital in Manhattan. When the trial was held, Colvin pleaded innocent but was found guilty and released on indefinite probation in her parents' care. Two years later, Colvin moved to New York City, where she had her second son, Randy, and worked as a nurse's aide at a Manhattan nursing home. Instead of being taken to a juvenile detention centre, Colvin was taken to an adult jail and put in a small cell with nothing in it but a broken sink and a cot without a mattress. But it is also a rare and excellent one that gives her more than a passing, dismissive mention. Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939) [1] [2] is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide. "They just dropped me. If she had not done what she did, I am not sure that we would have been able to mount the support for Mrs. Parks.. One month later, the Supreme Court affirmed the order to Montgomery and the state of Alabama to end bus segregation. In 1955, at age 15, Claudette Colvin . None of them spoke to me; they didn't see if I was okay. The urban bustle surrounding her could not seem further away from King Hill. [15], In 1955, Colvin was a student at the segregated Booker T. Washington High School in the city. He contacted Montgomery Councilmen Charles Jinright and Tracy Larkin, and in 2017, the Council passed a resolution for a proclamation honoring Colvin. On June 5, 1956, the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama issued a ruling declaring the state of Alabama and Montgomery's laws mandating public bus segregation as unconstitutional. I felt the hand of Harriet Tubman pushing down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth pushing down on the other. Today their boycott, modelled on the one in Montgomery, is largely forgotten - but it was a milestone in achieving equality. And, like the pregnant Mrs Hamilton, many African-Americans refused to tolerate the indignity of the South's racist laws in silence. 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