Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. Conversion of coastal environment to terrestrial area through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. roads, buildings, industries and parks. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. Anthropogenic activities around the coast is detrimental to its sustainability because of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [5]. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. The provisions of the EIA Act No. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. On the Eko Atlantic project, the Managing Director of South Energyx Ltd., David Frame said that the project has been fortified with a wall known as The Great Wall of Lagos, adding that the wall has the capability to ward off flood storms in hundreds/thousand years. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. Economic land on the other hand, is part of physical land that can be used to produce economic commodities for mans satisfaction [2]. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. Answer this residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Mangroves are regarded as land forming organisms [10]. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. This is a natural ecological restoration. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. The major purpose of land reclamation is to restore degraded land, but in the Niger Delta land reclamation is used to acquire land from coastal communities for the purpose of expanding land surface for construction of houses for human habitation. Shrimp farming in particular has resulted to the conversion of large areas of mangroves. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. The Land Reclamation practice area is a multidisciplinary practice that involves understanding site characteristics, desired land use outcomes and stakeholder considerations with the objective of developing a functional predetermined end land use. Changes in land form lead to changes in the biogeography of the area. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the land against illegal landscape reclamations. Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising sea levels and subsidence. Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Submitted: June 20th, 2018 Reviewed: October 15th, 2018 Published: January 8th, 2020, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. Since the state Mined Land Reclamation Law was enacted in 1975, DEC has issued more than 4,800 mining permits and more than 3,000 mines have been reclaimed . According to Wikipedia, land reclamation (land fill) is a process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. Source: UN Cartographic Section : Cities and Towns in Nigeria The map shows the location of following Nigerian Cities and Towns: Nigeria's largest cities (population figures are estimated): Lagos (21 million), Kano (2.5 - 3 million), Ibadan (3.2 million), Abuja Other Cities and Towns in Nigeria: The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. Ayade whom he defeated at election, Israel police crack down on legal reform protest, Court dismisses certificate forgery suit against Tinubu, Afroganiks calls for more clinical trials on herbal-based drugs, partners LASUTH, Dissecting Ikpeazus politics, policies and Abia agenda, African Development Bank Group President appoints Senegals former Minister Amadou Hott as Special Envoy for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa, Land use reform in Nigeria: Removing stifling bottlenecks. The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. There is nowhere along this zone that is more than 200 meters. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump.