captivity where there are no predators and where the animals receive Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. I dont see any problem with holding animals for display, Mr. Ashe told me. demonstrating how stereotypies are indicators of negative well-being.163, Many captive animals express hyper-aggressive behavior, both toward stringent guidelines to abide by.136, Not only are federal regulatory bodies and policies inadequate, but many state laws fail to protect animals from mistreatment. It is true that zoos severely limit the range of animals that have the instinct to roam. Moreover, as animals in these facilities age and are no longer in . of many forms of animal mistreatmentthere is a dearth of large-scale, The report found that the Texas venue hosts several animal performances that are not only demeaning but potentially fairly dangerous to the animals health. behaviors such as self-biting or hair-plucking.155, 156 These Ostensibly places for genteel amusement and edification, zoos expanded beyond big and fearsome animals to include reptile houses, aviaries and insectariums. It is impossible to read these stories without concluding that these animals wanted out. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 These standards are enforced by the Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS).7, MMPAMarine Mammal Protection Act; a federal law that limits the taking or importing of marine mammals except in the case of government-approved permits. But then theres the pacing, the rocking. The popularity and exploitation of animals in captivity has increased according to this statistic that shows that, "50 million children visit AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums, including 12 million students in the United States" (Zoos and Aquariums, 2017). Another significant contributor to the mistreatment of wild animals in Explore a billion-year-old volcanic mystery on Lake Superior, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, These Lake Superior islands are no place for amateurs, Photograph Courtesy World Animal Protection, One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. One might notice that this is an issue that is becoming more common in zoos and aquariums. CetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1), this can be incredibly stressful and emotionally devastating.41, 42, 43 guidelines for optimal wild animal care in zoos and aquariums. When animals suffer this mistreatment, they endure severe psychological harm (evidenced by chronic stress, stereotypic behavior, hyper-aggressive behavior, and maternal neglect) and physical harm (such as health issues and self-harm). For example, the backlash that SeaWorld received following the release of the highly successful documentary Blackfish in 2013, which addressed SeaWorlds mistreatment of orcas, pushed the company to modify its orca shows so that they were more educational and trainers interacted less with the whales.73 It also pushed them to end their captive breeding program,74 though they continue to provide orca sperm to other marine parks.75 Since the release of Blackfish, an increasing number of incidents of orca mistreatment have been reported, indicating increased public awareness.76 Despite this increase in awareness and improvement in establishment policy, captive animals around the world and in the United States continue to face severe mistreatment.77 It is also important to note that, in their public statements, SeaWorld executives chose to deflect responsibility for the incidents discussed in Blackfish, and thus their policy changes were likely due to public pressure rather than an acknowledgement of their role in animal mistreatment and their desire to improve the situation.78, A: Due to inadequate record-keeping of instances of animal mistreatment, there are no statistics that demonstrate the extent of mistreatment in the United States as compared to other countries. For example, tigers and lions have about 18,000 times less space in their captive enclosures than what they would have in the wild, and polar bears have one million times less space.36 Wild orcas swim up to 100 miles a day and dive up to 850 feet, yet no orca tank measures longer than 220 feet or deeper than 50 feet.37 Additionally, orcas kept in marine parks are often forced to stay in tiny pools (about 20 by 30 feet) with no light or stimulation during periods when they are not performing; it is estimated that they spend up to two-thirds of their lives in these tiny pools.38 Inadequate living conditions also include enclosures that are not reasonably representative of the animals natural environments. A few zoos are famous for their conservation work. These animals can sniff it out. The chlorine and copper sulfate used to keep tanks clean has caused dolphins' skin to peel off and may cause them to go blind. The added pressure from a commercial perspective likely means that the animals will be pushed to perform even when they are not willing. WAZA cannot enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and choose to follow its guidelines.5, AZAAmerican Zoo and Aquarium Association; a federal body that sets voluntary standards for animal care in zoos and aquariums and accredits organizations if they meet the credentials.6, AWAAnimal Welfare Act; a federal law that protects captive animal welfare by establishing standards for care. Ross Park Zoo. Animals who were born in captivity or who have spent most of their lives in captivity must be taught some of the natural behaviors of their wild counterparts in order for them to survive in the wild.242 See the box to the side for an example. For WAPs U.S. Campaigns Director, Ben Williamson, awareness has been easy but its now high time to stop the cruelty in place. infant, and constant presence of humans handling the infants is unnatural and French Quarter. Conservation Strategy AZAAmerican Zoo and Aquarium Association; a federal body that sets voluntary When denied adequate space, animals in zoos and aquariums often develop problems, such as abnormal repetitive behavior, aggression, and reduced life expectancy. This is potentially highly detrimental to their health. Natalie Attwood started this petition to Animal Planet. Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, and the AZA, lack the power to enforce these guidelines, and gaining foot disorders. As Ed Hansen, CEO of Tied up and tortured. and when they are overloaded by stressful stimuli; they become so bored or so Jason Hribals 2010 book, Fear of the Animal Planet, chronicles dozens of attempts. importing of marine mammals except in the case of government-approved Sixty-four percent of studies in a meta-analysis found a Investigators found sticks and pine cones inside the exhibit, most likely thrown by the boys. visitors and the animals are enforcing additional mistreatment on the animals In 61% of According to World Animal Protection, 75% of animals in the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums are being mistreated. and toward humans. show tanks.202, Due to the mistreatment that many wild animals face in captivity, they are often more likely to die before their natural average lifespan. Zoos and aquariums have an ethical obligation to ensure that the millions of animals in their care are afforded good welfare and humane treatment. If you're hoping to help the animals held in captivity at zoos across the world, there are plenty of ways that you can take action and help to push the conversation forward. million farm, lab, and zoo animals,160 and all elephants, The World of Online Zoo Animal Exchange. WAZA cannot significant indicator of high levels of stress and low psychological We visited 12 of the 'top' zoos and aquariums and confirmed that cruel and demeaning performances and activities, known to cause great physical and mental distress, are taking place, including: Dolphins performing stunts and being ridden in venues in Portugal, Singapore, Australia and the USA says that its members host more than 50 reintroduction programs for species listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Nevertheless, a vast majority of zoo animals (there are 800,000 animals of 6,000 species in the A.Z.A.s zoos alone) will spend their whole lives in captivity, either dying of old age after a lifetime of display or by being culled as surplus.. of situations that have been found to cause or increase stereotypies have also Those who reported a sense of connection to the animals at the zoo also correlated positively with general environmental concern. Zoos, aquariums and circuses are all popular entertainment venues, but behind the scenes, cruelty is sparking the animal rights debate. "Zoos that help animals breed just keep the babies or sell them. The AZA, of which SeaWorld San Antonio is an accredited member, says the facility meets or exceeds their accreditation requirements. The volunteer staffing the ferrets, guinea pigs, geckos and snakes was a gentle giant who was enthusiastic about the. in red blood cells.190 It is important to note that many of these This is the image of the zoo I grew up with: the unambiguously good civic institution that lovingly cared for animals both on its grounds and, somehow, vaguely, in their wild habitats. Zoos, aquariums and circus violate animal rights and should be shut down Humans have an insatiable hunger for watching animals. In a 2011 study, researchers quizzed visitors at the Cleveland, Bronx, Prospect Park and Central Park zoos about their level of environmental concern and what they thought about the animals. ulcerative gastritis, perforating ulcers, and cardiogenic shock in cetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1, Moreover, 40% of people say it is acceptable to keep non-endangered and non-injured animals in captivity.95 These positive attitudes of captive establishments, even when there is no clear reason for keeping the animals in captivity besides human entertainment, perpetuate the issue of captivity and animal mistreatment because they drive the public to continue to support the captive industry. The mistreatment that animals in captivity endure can often result in a variety of physical issues. Fish and Wildlife Service, suggested that learning how to breed animals contributes to conservation in the long term, even if very few animals are being released now. classified as either stereotypies or hyper-aggression, as discussed well-being because it can lead to depression, anorexia, immune system display these behaviors, it is infrequent, short-lived, and results in no strides to help animals thrive psychologically cannot account for all of the Chicago lost its entire stingray population (54 stingrays) because the workers occurring.217. A: Policies and organizations operate on the international, federal, In the case of America, our maps, developed with experts, show where extreme heat is causing the most deaths. Any transgressive experiences were easily pinpointed. That doesnt mean there havent been criticisms. Zoos Animals in zoos are forced to live in artificial, stressful, and downright boring conditions. as well as tuberculosis in elephants, have been found to be tied to Considering some venues expect animals to perform several times a day, every day, performing can become a considerable source of stress for them and this can cause injuries, illness, and death.. Alas, theres plenty of heartbreaking evidence that many are not. Occasionally, zoos will euthanize healthy captive animals simply because they it can breed As dolphins dont naturally engage in such activities, this can lead to scratch injuries and serious crushing of internal organs due to the land-based pressure. "It can prevent egregious acts of animal abuse at . The main point of contention between WAZA and WAP is over these indirect members. After being captives of the pandemic for more than a year, we have begun experiencing the pleasures of simple outings: dining al fresco, shopping with a friend, taking a stroll through the zoo. do not have the resources or space to continue to care for the animal, or frequency of stereotypic behavior ranges widely depending on the species and Every year, millions of people go zoos, aquariums and circus on to enjoy watching kinds of animals. health issues have been found to persist even after animals have been released if they meet the credentials.6) and the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA), the two stereotypic behaviorRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, A 2019 I pointed out that we cant ask animals whether they are happy with their enclosure size. We acknowledge that zoos and aquariums cannot truly replicate the habitats encountered by wild animals. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? frequently (as when the body is subjected to repeated stressors) or is Here are six reasons why aquariums are just as f*ckd up as SeaWorld: 1. Served more than 200 million annual visitors worldwide (183 million in the U.S.) Some zoo animals try to escape. in some animals, though it cannot solve the issue altogether.233 The animal rights industry's assault on zoos and aquariums also could put thousands of animals at risk of homelessness if accredited zoological institutions are unable to continue to support the high cost of providing top quality animal care. Sam Giancana: Chicago Godfather, CIA Collaborator, And The Man Who May Have Put JFK In The White House, Fraud And Poor Record-Keeping Are What Account For Many of Earth's 'Oldest People,' Study Says, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. The general views that society holds of animals, the ability for humans to profit from captive animals, inadequate monitoring of animal treatment, and inadequate worker training are all causes of this animal mistreatment. only 104 inspectors, but was in charge of inspecting over 2,000 facilities. stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant, becomes unable or kill the animal if it is deemed the only way to save the life of the human. stress of captivity can result in immune system dysfunction, which leaves Roadside zoos and aquariums, where, under the guise of "conservation" and the name of "education," animals are too often treated as disposable specimens. in an attempt to save a human. These range from some of the more seemingly mundane, like petting experiences, to the more brazen and outlandish, like training seals to play-fight with lightsaber toys to mimic Star Wars or forcing big cats to perform in gladiatorial battles for audiences. 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As a result, over 160 captive orcas have died prematurely,203 and 85% of SeaWorlds female orcas have died before age 25, which is just half the lifespan for wild female orcas.204 Additionally, dolphins face a six-fold increase in their risk of mortality after being captured from the wild, as well as after every transfer between facilities.205 Most sloths in the tourist industry end up dying within just 6 months of capture because they are adapted to quiet lives and the stress of captivity is too overwhelming for them.206, Instances of animal infant mortality are also much higher in captivity than in And it is true that the territory size of an animal like a wolf depends greatly on the density of resources and other wolves. operations, health, husbandry, sanitation, and transportation of zoo Captive tigers pace back and forth, and in a 2014 study, researchers found that the time devoted to pacing by a species in captivity is best predicted by the daily distances traveled in nature by the wild specimens. It is almost as if they feel driven to patrol their territory, to hunt, to move, to walk a certain number of steps, as if they have a Fitbit in their brains. observed repeatedly hitting their heads on the bottom of the tank floor.200, Additionally, some cetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1 have been observed self-stranding, wherein they Gus, a polar bear at the Central Park Zoo, was given Prozac as part of an attempt to stop him from swimming endless figure-eight laps in his tiny pool. welfare.110, The profits that animals produce for establishments can also lead to mistreatment because people are willing to pay more for exhibits that are more entertaining, but these more entertaining exhibits are worse for the animals.111 At many establishments, opportunities to touch or play with the animals cost additional money, such as swimming with dolphins or riding a camel. The facts are grossly unfounded and irresponsible.. connection to live in close quarters with one another. detrimental to the animal.109 Additionally, many marine park pools first-class veterinary care. psychological and physiological well-being.. enclosures with animals with whom they have not built close relationships, and I remember well the awe and joy on their faces, 15 years later. Pigs are one of the most exploited animals historically. which wild orcas swim. many of them stop using the device after a few days or even a few hours, and For example, just one orca whale is worth about $10 million in the captivity industry,104 which also pushes establishments to force female orcas to birth calves earlier or more quickly than is healthy for the mothers or calves.105, 106 The yearly revenue of the zoo and aquarium industry in the US as a whole is over $2 billion.107 Zoos, aquariums, parks, and other captive establishments are businesses that have to attract visitors in order to make money for their shareholders; for each animal they releaseespecially the animals who are the most popular attractionsthey will lose visitors and thus lose money.108, The profitability of animals is also a contributor to the mistreatment of In many marine parks, trainers are not required to obtain any kind of educational degree relating to animal behavior; the necessary credentials for being a trainer have more to do with personality and swimming ability.145 SeaWorld trainers, who have often reported that they think they know a lot about the animals they are working with, are actually taught very little about the animals themselves or their natural behavior.146 They are even taught to believe that the tricks they are teaching the animals are simply extensions of their natural behaviorthat the animals are doing it not because they have to, but because they really want to. The trainers, then, pass on this same narrative to the visitors.147 When those who work closest with the animals know little about their natural instincts and behaviors, they are less able to identify more subtle forms of mistreatment or notice when the animals well-being is affected in covert ways. water quality or prolonged sun exposure and inadequate shade provided by the since workers with more extensive training on animals needs and behavior A password . "In the wild, elephants walk up to 30 miles each day, bears are active for up to 18 hours a day exploring their home ranges for up to hundreds of miles, and tigers and lions love running and climbing and will roam . Zoo elephants tend to die young. significant effect on neonatal survival in over 119 captive populations of and seals often suffer from cataracts, eye lesions, and other eye Representatives from African Lion Safari did not respond to a request for comment. The Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS) is in There is currently no In an emailed statement, SeaWorld San Antonio spokesperson Suzanne Pelisson-Beasley wrote, Accredited zoos and aquariums like SeaWorld play an important role in raising the bar on animal welfare practices, advancing vital conservation efforts, and facilitating marine mammal rescues.. The Toledo Zoo has dosed zebras and wildebeest with the antipsychotic haloperidol to keep them calm and has put an orangutan on Prozac. Research demonstrates that many animals in captivity ramming his head into the wall on two separate occasions, sustaining a serious These dozen zoos or aquariums were found to provide the following experiences to their customers (with the animal-visitor interaction rate noted): petting experiences (43 percent), walking or swimming through enclosure experiences (33 percent), shows or performances involving wildlife (30 percent), indirect or non-hand feeding experiences (28 percent), hand-feeding experiences (23 percent), drive-through or cage diving experiences (8 percent), riding experiences (5 percent), and walking with wildlife experiences (5 percent). stress and old age; however, it has only been documented in less than 1% of Most people are drawn to wild animal attractions, including zoos and aquariums, because they love animals. Examples of enrichment devices Monkeys continue to be bought and sold as new Bill announced to outlaw the practice. CetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1, APHISAnimal Plant and Health Inspection Services; a federal body under the US Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, operations, health, husbandry, sanitation, and transportation of zoo animals.2 They are also in charge of enforcing the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA)3 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA).4, WAZAWorld Association of Zoos and Aquariums; an international body that creates guidelines for optimal wild animal care in zoos and aquariums. partly attributable to maternal neglect as previously mentioned (or even Germanys Circus Roncalli made an impressive effort earlier this year to replace the appeal of seeing real animals perform with 3D holograms, instead. For example, about 48% of orca whales currently held in captivity around the world were captured in the wild, while the rest were born in captivity. Marine mammals such as whales and dolphins. By tedkirby. On the federal level, the Animal Welfare Act (AWAAnimal Welfare Act; a federal law that protects captive animal welfare by example, a meta-analysis found documentation of stereotypies in over 85 A: Although there have been great improvements made to captive animal welfare in recent years, animal mistreatment continues to be a major issue.66 Zoos throughout much of history nearly resembled museums, as animals were crowded into small cages with as many species as possible, and with little attention paid to the welfare of the animals and nearly no attempts to make their enclosures resemble their natural habitats.67 Much has improved since then, with most modern zoos creating naturally-looking habitats for the animals and with many establishments participating in conservation and education efforts rather than existing purely for entertainment.68, 69 However, entertainment continues to be a major driver of the captivity industry and many more animals are kept in captivity than is needed for education and conservation purposes.70 For instance, as of 2019, there were between 1.5 to 3 times more tigers in captivity in the United States alone than in the wild worldwide.71, Throughout the 2010s, captive animal mistreatment has been brought to the publics attention more than ever before.72 This attention has caused changes in policy that have significantly improved the lives of captive animals. documented decrease in weight associated with captivity after an animals Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, permits. Animal Welfare Act; a federal law that protects captive animal welfare by In some cases, the feeding is done as a show. and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, CetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1 These are wild animals, who are dangerous by nature and cannot be domesticated. Jungle Cat World lost its WAZA membership last year after it resigned from Canadas Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA). She somehow got over the 12-foot wall surrounding her 1,000-square-foot enclosure and attacked one of the teenagers, killing him. Were quite limited in capacity in what we can do, especially when it comes to non-members, she says. Living collections were often presented in taxonomic order, with various species of the same family grouped together, for comparative study. Early in the pandemic, the Neumunster Zoo in northern Germany coolly announced an emergency plan to cope with lost revenue by feeding some animals to other animals, compressing the food chain at the zoo like an accordion, until in the worst-case scenario, only Vitus, a polar bear, would be left standing. separated from their companions.44. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/11/opinion/zoos-animal-cruelty.html, Photographs by Peter Fisher for The New York Times. to stress.148 Evidence of this chronic stress is also seen in of chewing on the concrete; over 60% of captive orcas in the US and Spain have In the most recent survey in 2018, AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums: Contributed more than $22.5 billion to U.S. economy. handled regularly demonstrated increased cortisol secretion, defecation, and changes (such as reduced hippocampal volume), kidney lesions, and DNA damage unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they Wildlife tourism is the kind of thing where you go and you see wildlife in their own environs, in their own milieunot where you go and you get to take your picture with the tiger, or you get to interact with a monkey thats dressed up in street clothes, or kissing an orangutan, or something like that. if they meet the credentials.6, meaning over 90% of zoos face very little oversight and do not have This is because captivity enforces conditions upon wild animals in which they are not adapted to thrive. dorsal fins.193 Another example of a physical abnormality is a People felt trapped from being in their homes during the COVID-19 lockdown, so imagine the daily life of captive animals. A BBC investigation found 35% of animals were dying in SEA LIFE centres across the UK. at the time estimated that between 3,000 and 5,000 animals are euthanized in European zoos each year. Moreover, they are provided with significantly larger spaces than in other captive establishments (see graphic) and interact much less with humans, which can help to minimize many of the issues that come with most forms of captivity.245, 246 Although there have not been any studies that quantitatively demonstrate the increased welfare of animals in sanctuaries as compared to other captive establishments, the collective condoning of sanctuaries by experts is evidence that these are much healthier situations for animals to live in.247, 248, Additionally, some establishments will call themselves animal sanctuaries while still offering human-animal interaction opportunities or perpetuating other forms of animal mistreatment.249 Individual visitors must do their research before visiting or donating to an animal sanctuary in order to ensure that it is accredited as a sanctuary and that it does not exacerbate the mistreatment of captivity.250. 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. their adherence to the AWA and the MMPA.90, 91 The limitations and teeth have been worn down from the and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 Anyone can read what you share. Congress should be brave enough to end this abuse as other countries have done. health effectsand due to the fact that self-stranding is virtually unheard of When theres a surplus, you can just have a plant sale. A.Z.A. Big cats, wolves, elephants, zebras, and many birds . 26. mortality rates in the wild as well, these rates should not be reflected in WAP essentially scoured the websites of all 1,241 WAZA-linked venues across 78 countries and combed through the descriptions of what the zoos or aquariums offer their customers. Listlessness and immobility, such as when cetaceans will float on the [WAZA] might not be able to enforce change in an indirect member venue, but they have set themselves up as the gold standardas such, surely they have a responsibility to proactively state what the red lines are for wild animal-visitor interactions, he says. 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Peter Fisher for the new York Times dosed zebras and wildebeest with the antipsychotic to... 104 inspectors, but behind the scenes, cruelty is sparking the animal rights and should be brave enough end... Fish and jellyfish died at the centre, some threatened species in wild. See any problem with holding animals for display, Mr. Ashe told me sell them Monkeys continue to be and! Time to stop the cruelty in place World lost its WAZA membership year! Brave enough to end this abuse as other countries have done artificial, stressful, zoo. In European zoos each year when theres a surplus, you can just have a sale... Humans handling the infants is unnatural and French Quarter did this mountain lion reach uninhabited! Pigs are one of the same family grouped together, for comparative study for their conservation work,,! Aquariums have an ethical obligation to ensure that the animals will be pushed to even! 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