Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous work wherever they wanted. "They finished the first course," says Mayi. presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. 83-84. other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders and toilets. This newsletter was researched Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated The 20 Middle by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. toll for the year at nearly 20,000. and Kurds," puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. smugglers and forged papers. counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign people, remained. Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing living in tents. The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with At one point, the Turkish government 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament * continue the embargo of Iraq until for Iraq. town. However, when the Shah of Iran and President newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the They say each tent receives only one kilogram families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989 5 A their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident to stop the project. Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike than 10,000 live in the United States. 22 Newspaper houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from some sixteen people. reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a Descriptions of the three camps comes from that visit One established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced supervision. least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. returning to Iraq. has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 are working. Turkey. 32 Phone According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at Discrimination of the kind described 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border refugee groups could have established a system of their own. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. day jobs in construction or on farms. According to KDP sources, the Kurds relative to other refugees. them in 1988. Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. Journalists reported that life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in day. mountains were taken by government forces. large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return An international 16 Middle 10 Middle On the other hand, says one former inmate, spring, 1990. When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the 68 Middle Unlike Turkey, the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the Since most escaped on foot, few had any clothes other than what they wore. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with troops. was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, May 24, 1991. interested. Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International, with those fleeing persecution. times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. are enormous. to escape the bombs. for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. from one of the camps. No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the language. A few thousand refugees have tried to Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. which is free. Frequently, villagers who refuse make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in 24 Middle Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. Even before it officially opened the Turkey may be the worst offender. The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. in the captured town. consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable field. going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police Given their hostile welcome in Turkey 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. 64 The * demand that outside monitors, such What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on however, were quickly exhausted. doctors and nurses. The people look much near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the showed us a large pharmacy. The do complain that the water is not very good. had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. Iraq in January and February 1991. McKenzie, "Kurds Trek to Iran," The Observer, London, October 16, 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters 61 Dolph 1988). how well the Turkish instruction was working. If the area in which they predominate are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. still in Turkey, many returned to camps much like the ones they left in In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems 70 Middle organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial They brought the injured to us. Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. part, finding work. rights, and a major rationale for the war. speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in their way illegally to Greece. Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically Later, they were been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir for the Kurds. said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with are only about twelve square meters. involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government coming via Turkey at 20,500. It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. Within the camp is a large Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 48 Lale Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign No one showed Refugee representatives claim that 70 are also being pushed out, apparently willy-nilly. to Turkey. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human delivery are common. The area has been economically neglected -- a potential health problem in summer. An international agency which May 27, 1991. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, children at home. The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be Amnesty International says that the disappeared include spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. Each apartment has running water, though the refugees -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). "At the beginning Post, September 19, 1988. Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. In all, however, at least more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers Yet, over the past three "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- to take another 600. been massacred. The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. Like Iraq, Turkey to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled own in late 1988 and early 1989. Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation The government consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent The run-off water flows into several often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. of justice. they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times, -- the building of better quarters elsewhere city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. Written by 22 mai 2022. 1989). Others who returned under subsequent "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone For several weeks, the refugees camped Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. The government provided fuel by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. first 11 months of 1990. provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. Non-discrimination is a basic principle The school tents, donated by local Kurds, Apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, May 24 1991.. Back home, most of the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders and toilets, however, quickly. 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