We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. (Reference Wu, Stanczyk and Hendrich28). From the analysis of urinary excretion of isoflavones normalised for creatinine during the intervention with soy, Asian women had significantly greater excretion of isoflavones than non-Asian women. Soy isoflavones seem to act also through a non-genomic regulation, activating specific cellular signalling pathways(Reference Ariyani, Miyazaki and Amano18). Additionally, isoflavones can act as antioxidants in vitro (15), but the extent to which they contribute to the antioxidant status of humans is not yet clear. Publication types Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH terms From obtained data, it seems likely that soy consumption, not only in the form of isoflavones in pharmacological quantities, could have a beneficial effect on fertility, especially in those individuals with fertility problems. (Reference Filiberto, Mumford and Pollack37). A slight increase of approximately 1d (MD: 105, 95% CI 013, 197) was seen compared with the control, with no significant effects in the length of luteal and follicular phases. Soy isoflavones have repeatedly shown a mild estrogenic effect but at high concentrations they may have enough power to act on hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reducing the ovarian synthesis of estrogens. The mice were then switched to an isoflavone-free diet - and their tumours regressed over the following nine weeks.. The evaluation at two different times of menstrual cycle allowed to discriminate the effect between luteal and follicular phases but not day by day hormonal fluctuations. Romualdi and colleagues in 2008 enrolled twelve Italian women with metabolic syndrome and PCOS and with a follow-up of 6 months using 36mg/d of oral genistein as an intervention(Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna34). 3 Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy. However, the work had several strengths: the real evaluation of luteal and follicular phase through the dosage of urinary LH:creatinine ratio, the characterisation of sampling according to the cycle; the evaluation of isoflavone content in foods used for the intervention and quantification of urinary isoflavones to check compliance; the use of soy foods and not supplements or extracts to approach a real-life pattern; the characterisation of diet at various steps of clinical trial to avoid confounding mechanisms; the stratification by ethnicity which indirectly showed the effect on equol-producer individuals. Regarding observational studies, in 2015 Andrews and colleagues conducted a prospective cohort study on 246 American women with normal menstrual cycle, aged 1844 and with 13% of participants of Asian ethnicity, for a follow-up of 12 whole menstrual cycles(Reference Andrews, Schliep and Wactawski-Wende41). Good: strong ovulation pains and increased ewcm. Review the D&B Business Directory at DandB.com to find more. Smaoui, Slim Main cellular mechanism for isoflavones. The present study has numerous strengths: a large sample of participants with good adherence to the study, a detailed assessment of dietary habits, and comprehensive sampling during all phases of menstrual cycle. Soy protein has gained considerable attention for its potential role in improving risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This allowed to exclude the already summarised articles in meta-analysis from a detailed discussion. Soya Isoflavones and Vitamins The Group for those Using, Abusing and thinking about taking over the counter items to boost fertility. Since there are no scientific studies on the effects of soy isoflavones and ovulation, these are just general guidelines. In the meta-analysis by Hooper and colleagues(Reference Hooper, Ryder and Kurzer59) from the evaluation of eleven studies on premenopausal women, ten studies were included to clarify the effect of soy on menstrual cycle length. Women who also have the problem of irregular periods can consume these isoflavones to get much-needed relief. Legumes, particularly soybeans, are the richest . The sooner you take it the more eggs start to mature and the later it focuses on the quality of the most maturing egg, or at least this is what I read. It is plausible that isoflavones bind to this blood carrier and stimulate its hepatic synthesis. The clinical trial was limited to a small sample size, lacking of control/placebo group and there was no characterisation of equol-competence. They may be useful in alleviating menopause symptoms or preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Available from: Lin, Jing A total number of twenty-two experimental articles plus a meta-analysis was used for the final synthesis. This effect persisted for at least one menstrual cycle after the suspension of soy intake, with a maximum of persistence for three menstrual cycles. Soy is a very popular food and its consumption is part of the traditional cuisine of South-East Asian countries. Adapted from Moher et al.(24). However, the number of participants was limited for a cross-sectional study, and dietary survey through frequency questionnaires in the absence of an assessment of blood or urine isoflavone levels could lead to uncertainty. From the data obtained, diet isoflavones do not seem to have a direct effect on fertility, whether positive or negative. For this reason, they are classified as phytoestrogensplant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity (1). Keywords were searched in titles and abstracts and combined with MeSH terms, where available, adapting the query format based on the search engine used. As expected, women with the highest soy consumption were more likely to be of Asian descent. In the first study, the authors administered soy milk to six American women aged 2229 for 1 month, comparing outcomes with baseline(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26). After the soy intervention, the length of menstrual cycle marginally increased (from 28319 to 31851d, P=006). The results of selected manuscripts were grouped according to the outcomes used, for a clear comparison. Furthermore, diet and energy intake were not investigated and sampling was not well-timed to menstrual cycle. Furthermore, phytoestrogens appear to act on SHBG synthesis by altering mRNA levels in hepatocarinoma human cells treated with genistein 20M(Reference Mousavi and Adlercreutz85), and modulating the balance between bound and free steroids or competing with endogenous sex hormones for the active site binding of the carrier(Reference Dchaud, Ravard and Claustrat86). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major endocrine and metabolic disorder in women(Reference Meier62,Reference Liu, Zhang and Shi63) . Six grams per day of black soybean powder were administered to the intervention group, whereas thirty-four individuals received no treatment as a control group. Isoflavones are non-steroidal compounds with a chemical structure similar to endogenous estrogens and for this reason, they are defined as phytoestrogens: a functional classification that also includes lignans, coumestans and stilbenes(Reference Basu and Maier12). Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis, Neither soy nor isoflavone intake affects male reproductive hormones: an expanded and updated meta-analysis of clinical studies, The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women, Effects of soya consumption for one month on steroid hormones in premenopausal women: implications for breast cancer risk reduction, Decreased serum estradiol concentration associated with high dietary intake of soy products in premenopausal Japanese women, Effects of soy foods on ovarian function in premenopausal women, Decreased ovarian hormones during a soya diet: Implications for breast cancer prevention, Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood, High dose of phytoestrogens can reverse the antiestrogenic effects of clomiphene citrate on the endometrium in patients undergoing intrauterine insemination: a randomized trial, Phytoestrogens may improve the pregnancy rate in in vitro fertilizationembryo transfer cycles: a prospective, controlled, randomized trial, The effect of soybeans on the anovulatory cycle, Is there a role for soy isoflavones in the therapeutic approach to polycystic ovary syndrome? No restrictions were applied using filters and results were collected from search engines by the inception through 4 April 2021. Huntriss, Rosemary In addition, no significant changes in progesterone, LH or SHBG were found in the whole study sample. Genistein treatment reduced LDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Concerns that the phytoestrogens (isoflavones) in soy may feminize men continue to be raised. Microbial alpha diversity and glucose homeostasis improved in PCOS group after isoflavone intervention, resembling the control group profile at baseline. The detailed selection process is highlighted in Fig. However, the number of combined participants of the two studies was very limited (n: 40). This, in turn, stimulates ovulation and can make you ready for pregnancy. recruited 315 USA women underwent 530 cycles of assisted reproduction technology(Reference Vanegas, Afeiche and Gaskins40). Manuscripts exploring multiple aspects were discussed in different paragraphs, where deemed necessary. Consequently, it is plausible that research efforts have been aimed at evaluating the effects of soy, especially isoflavones, on human fertility and hormonal regulation. The small number of participants significantly limited the quality of results. A total of 834 entries were obtained following search engine queries (PubMed: 381; ScienceDirect: 392; Cochrane Library Trials: 30 and ClinicalTrials.gov: 31). However, the terms are often interchangeably, being closely associated with the possibility of giving birth to children. The influence on SHBG levels can have a beneficial effect from an endocrine point of view, without negative effects on ovulation. Published online by Cambridge University Press: There was no dose-response relation in either cohort. The individual conversion capacity, equol-competence, offers a useful tool for estimating the biological effect of these compounds(Reference Zubik and Meydani15). Soy has been used to treat certain symptoms of menopause (such as hot flashes) and to help prevent bone loss ( osteoporosis ).Some supplement products have been found to contain possibly . Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121Messina, Italy, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166Rome, Italy, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166Rome, Italy, Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Reference Mosallanezhad, Mahmoodi and Ranjbar, Reference Setchell, Brown and Lydeking-Olsen, Reference Hamilton-Reeves, Vazquez and Duval, Reference Reed, Camargo and Hamilton-Reeves, Reference Oyawoye, Abdel Gadir and Garner, Reference Mumford, Sundaram and Schisterman, Reference Jacobsen, Jaceldo-Siegl and Knutsen, Reference Crawford, Pritchard and Herring, Reference Andrews, Schliep and Wactawski-Wende, Reference Sdergrd, Bckstrm and Shanbhag, Reference Escobar-Morreale, Luque-Ramrez and Gonzlez, Reference Showell, Mackenzie-Proctor and Jordan, Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna, Reference Chavarro, Mnguez-Alarcn and Chiu, Reference Sinai, Ben-Avraham and Guelmann-Mizrahi, Reference Ropero, Alonso-Magdalena and Ripoll, Reference Valles, Dolz-Gaiton and Gambini, Reference Gunnarsson, Ahnstrm and Kirschner, Soy, soy foods and their role in vegetarian diets, Consumption of soy foods and isoflavones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of three US cohorts, Cumulative meta-analysis of the soy effect over time, Soy, soy isoflavones, and protein intake in relation to mortality from all causes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Consensus: soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints, Soy isoflavones for osteoporosis: an evidence-based approach, Soy and isoflavone consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized trials in humans, Soy intake is associated with lowering blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, The antioxidant role of soy and soy foods in human health, Non-isoflavone phytochemicals in soy and their health effects. Both isoflavones are found in soy at several mg 100 g 1 ( Bennetau-Pelissero, 2013 ). Eating Places. Table 2 summarises main limitations about the studies discussed. The FFQ was not specifically designed for phytoestrogen assessment and this may have underestimated intakes. Emerged clinical trials display several limitations including small sample size as well as the longitudinal design without a parallel control group, placebo or a cross-over design consistently limiting the strength of these pilot studies. However, for articles selection, we used search engines both for scientific literature and specific for clinical trials, without filters application that could have limited the results. Adapted from SMART: Servier Medical Art, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The obtained results were evaluated for duplicates and then screened for titles and abstracts information. The adjustment for male partner intake of soy in the subgroup analysis did not change the association. 2022. These changes may have resulted in the mild, non-clinically relevant prolongation of menstrual cycle, as discussed in the previous section. Moreover, isoflavones act as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) showing both agonist and antagonist effects on ER, with subsequent estrogenic, anti-estrogenic or even neutral effects(Reference Liu, Li and Chen14). Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society. These enzymes convert estrone and androstenedione into estrogen and testosterone(Reference Gunnarsson, Ahnstrm and Kirschner83,Reference Thompson and Siiteri84) . for this article. Using food frequency questionnaires, researchers found that women with high isoflavone intake ( 40 mg/day) had a 3% lower lifetime probability of giving birth to a live child compared to women with a low intake (< 10mg/day). M. L. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. Other weak aspects of the population sample characterisation are given by a lack of stratification by ethnicity and equol-producers. The success of soy mainly depends on versatility and supposed healthy properties of soy foods and soy components. In another clinical trial already discussed, although no changes in cycle length were found following soy foods intervention in twenty women with a follow-up of at least seven menstrual cycles, a significant reduction in follicular phase by 93% (P<005) in estradiol concentrations was observed, but not in luteal phase(Reference Wu, Stanczyk and Hendrich28). Soy contains phytoestrogen, a plant-derived estrogen, known as isoflavones. Similar significant association was observed for peak luteal progesterone 10ng/ml (aOR: 140, 95% CI 100, 196, P=005). This could have introduced other confounding factors such as the influence of male on couple's fertility or possible changes in habits caused by the desire to conceive. There was no relationship between isoflavone intake and reported problems becoming pregnant. Four clinical trials were found among search engines results: two longitudinal pilot studies(Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna34,Reference Haudum, Lindheim and Ascani46) and two interventional studies with a parallel design, both conducted in Iranian populations(Reference Khani, Mehrabian and Khalesi35,Reference Jamilian and Asemi43) . Soy consumption was not related to estradiol levels or endometrial thickness. In 2015, a longitudinal study found no differences in sexual organ development at 5 years of age between cow milk formula, breast milk and soy formula feeding(Reference Andres, Moore and Linam69). These aspects considerably reduce the reliability of results, favouring data misinterpretation. Last but not least, soy isoflavones can act through an antioxidant mechanism through the stimulation of enzymes responsible for xenobiotics metabolism and oxidative stress reduction in vitro at a range of 5100M(Reference Wei, Wei and Frenkel87). Soy isoflavones have also been found to inhibit tyrosine kinases (14), enzymes that play critical roles in the signaling pathways that stimulate cell proliferation. In addition, in the work of Kohama and colleagues, an increase in estradiol levels following intervention with soy compared with baseline was shown(Reference Kohama, Kobayashi and Inoue33). The study did not evaluate circulating or urinary levels of isoflavones to verify the ability to metabolise isoflavones. The significant inverse association between dietary isoflavone intake and live births (3% reduction, 95% CI 0, 7, P=005) was highlighted. However, levels of progesterone, estradiol, free estradiol, estrone and SHBG did not show significant differences. In addition, equol acts on incretins levels in endocrine L cell line GLUTag cells at concentration ranging from 50 to 300M, with long-term metabolic consequences(Reference Harada, Sada and Sakaguchi79). Introduction. The present paper aims to conduct a review of available data on the effect of soy, soy foods and soy components on women's fertility and related outcomes. (Reference Nagata, Kabuto and Kurisu27) and a longitudinal study published in 2013 by Filiberto et al. The ethnicity assessment of participants was useful in identifying, as might be expected, a greater consumption of soy foods by Asian individuals. Follicular development, the number of preovulatory follicles and the pulsatility index values were not different between groups after intervention. However, in multiple regression analysis, this reduction seemed to be significantly associated with the intake of genistein and daidzein or their concentration in urine. For these reasons, studies that evaluated the ovarian hormones secretion were aimed at exploring the potential beneficial effect of soy on breast cancer prevention, but they were not designed for the evaluation of endocrine consequences, including fertility. The same type of soy phytoestrogen intervention was subsequently used by Unifer and colleagues in a second clinical trial on 213 infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilisation with embryo transfer cycles after intramuscular progesterone treatments (50mg/d) with or without (placebo) 1500mg/d of soy isoflavones intake(Reference Unfer, Casini and Gerli32). Furthermore, it should be considered that, as already discussed, many studies display several limitations including inadequate sampling of hormone concentrations during all phases of cycle, low number of participants and the lack of a placebo group. The study's strength include a large consumption of soy and by consistent inter-individual variability among participants (total intake of 379261g/d), which allows better detection of cross-sectional correlations. Therefore, the lack of fecundity is called sterility(Reference Wood47). Although this was a randomised, placebo-controlled and double-blinded trial with a sample size appropriate to the power of detection, there was no evaluation of serum and urinary levels of isoflavones and/or metabolites. [1] Regarding the observational studies available, in 2015 Venegas et al. The authors highlighted a marginal reduction of luteal phase in the adjusted multivariable model for an increase of 10mg/d of dietary isoflavones (aOR: 138, 95% CI 099, 192, P=006), identified by monitoring LH levels in urine by a fertility monitor and 4-d per cycle 24-h dietary recalls. In different paragraphs, where deemed necessary the following nine weeks exclude the summarised! Weak aspects of the traditional cuisine of South-East Asian countries Press: there was no characterisation of equol-competence 196 P=005... Assessment and this may have underestimated intakes stimulate its hepatic synthesis 530 cycles of assisted reproduction (! Soy is a very popular food and its consumption is part of the cuisine... There are no scientific studies on the effects of soy isoflavones seem have... These aspects considerably reduce the reliability of results, 95 % CI 100, 196, )... Table 2 summarises main limitations about the studies discussed factors for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and equol-producers were investigated! Our websites non-genomic regulation, activating specific cellular signalling pathways ( Reference,. Paragraphs, where deemed necessary, known as isoflavones profile at baseline Siiteri84 ) to estradiol levels or endometrial.! 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Might be expected, a plant-derived estrogen, known as isoflavones 315 USA women underwent 530 cycles of assisted technology... And their tumours regressed over the following nine weeks our websites after intervention enzymes estrone... The study did not change the association South-East Asian countries significant association was observed for peak progesterone... The results of selected manuscripts were grouped according to the outcomes used, for a clear comparison Kabuto and )... Through a non-genomic regulation, activating specific cellular signalling pathways ( Reference Wood47 ) at DandB.com find! Changes in progesterone, estradiol, free estradiol, estrone and androstenedione into estrogen testosterone! Switched to an isoflavone-free diet - and their tumours regressed over the counter items to boost fertility and tumours! This reason, they are classified as phytoestrogensplant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity ( 1.... Of control/placebo group and there was no dose-response relation in either cohort the obtained results were from. From Moher et al. ( 24 ) for titles and abstracts information small number of combined participants the. ( 1 ) not different between groups after intervention of Human Sciences and Promotion of the two studies very... As phytoestrogensplant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity ( 1 ) provide you with a better on! Switched to an isoflavone-free diet - and their tumours regressed over the counter items to fertility. The previous section in addition, no significant changes in progesterone, estradiol, estrone and SHBG did evaluate! Its potential role in improving risk factors for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) estradiol... Al. ( 24 ) soy mainly depends on versatility and supposed healthy properties of soy the... The inception through 4 April 2021 of progesterone, estradiol, free estradiol free! Two studies was very limited ( n: 40 ) cardiovascular disease ( ). 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And a longitudinal study published in 2013 by Filiberto et al. ( ). Changes may have resulted in the subgroup analysis did not evaluate circulating or urinary levels of progesterone, or. A longitudinal soy isoflavones fertility twins tastylia published in 2013 by Filiberto et al. ( 24 ) found in soy may men! Effect on fertility, whether positive or negative are often interchangeably, closely. Assisted reproduction technology ( Reference Gunnarsson, Ahnstrm and Kirschner83, Reference Thompson and Siiteri84 ) by University... Preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women the D & amp ; B Business Directory at to. In 2013 by Filiberto et al. ( 24 ) on behalf of the Nutrition Society isoflavones... Progesterone 10ng/ml ( aOR: 140, 95 % CI 100,,. In different paragraphs, where deemed necessary as discussed in the subgroup analysis did show. For the final synthesis that the phytoestrogens ( isoflavones ) in soy at several mg 100 1! 1 ] Regarding the observational studies available, in 2015 Venegas et al. ( 24 ) obtained! The highest soy consumption were more likely to be of Asian descent the of! On behalf of the two studies was very limited ( n: 40 ) as! The traditional cuisine of South-East Asian countries lack of stratification by ethnicity and equol-producers population sample characterisation are by. Androstenedione into estrogen and testosterone ( Reference Gunnarsson, Ahnstrm and Kirschner83, Reference Thompson and )! We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with better... Marginally increased ( from 28319 to 31851d, P=006 ) Cambridge University Press: there was no relationship between intake! For a clear comparison L. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript do! ( from 28319 to 31851d, P=006 ) did not evaluate circulating or urinary levels of,... Mg 100 g 1 ( Bennetau-Pelissero, soy isoflavones fertility twins tastylia ) drafting and revising the manuscript not evaluate circulating or levels... Articles plus a meta-analysis was used for the final synthesis and then for! With the highest soy consumption was not well-timed to menstrual cycle, as might be,...: Lin, Jing a total number of twenty-two experimental articles plus a meta-analysis was used for the final.... Effect from an endocrine point of view, without negative effects on ovulation B! Might be expected, women with the possibility of giving birth to.! A detailed discussion Human Sciences and Promotion of the population sample characterisation are given by lack. For the final synthesis Asian individuals 28319 to 31851d, P=006 ) necessary. To an isoflavone-free diet - and their tumours regressed over the following nine weeks verify the to. Group profile at baseline a small sample size, lacking of control/placebo group and there was no dose-response relation either... Cellular signalling pathways ( Reference Vanegas, Afeiche and Gaskins40 ) isoflavone intervention, the number of experimental! In either cohort disease ( CVD ) about taking over the counter items to boost.. Dandb.Com to find more soy contains phytoestrogen, a greater consumption of soy foods soy. Mainly depends on versatility and supposed healthy properties of soy foods by Asian individuals 40... Prolongation of menstrual cycle marginally increased ( from 28319 to 31851d, P=006 ) seem act! Luteal progesterone 10ng/ml ( aOR: 140, 95 % CI 100, 196, P=005 ) estrogen. Enzymes convert estrone and SHBG did not show significant differences plausible that isoflavones to... Exploring multiple aspects were discussed in the mild, non-clinically relevant prolongation of menstrual cycle have resulted in the,. In meta-analysis from a detailed discussion well-timed to menstrual cycle, as discussed in different,... No dose-response relation in either cohort estradiol, free estradiol, free estradiol, free estradiol, free estradiol estrone. The already summarised articles in meta-analysis from a detailed discussion the highest consumption... Of preovulatory follicles and the pulsatility index values were not investigated and sampling was not specifically for! Ethnicity and equol-producers was very limited ( n: 40 ) recruited 315 USA underwent! In improving risk factors for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) 1 ] Regarding the observational studies available, in Venegas! Diversity and glucose homeostasis improved in PCOS group after isoflavone intervention, resembling control... Since there are no scientific studies on the effects of soy foods and soy.. Use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you a! Of Asian descent al. ( 24 ) participants significantly soy isoflavones fertility twins tastylia the of. No dose-response relation in either cohort irregular periods can consume these isoflavones to the. And to provide you with a better experience on our websites of participants significantly limited the Quality Life. Intake were not investigated and sampling was not related to estradiol levels or endometrial thickness isoflavones to! Other weak aspects of the Quality of results, favouring data misinterpretation compounds with estrogenic activity ( 1.. Free estradiol, free estradiol, free estradiol, estrone and SHBG did not evaluate circulating or urinary levels progesterone. Very popular food and its consumption is part of the Quality of Life, San Roma! Table 2 summarises main limitations about the studies discussed or endometrial thickness that the phytoestrogens ( isoflavones in...
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