[209] In 1823, she wrote articles for Leigh Hunt's periodical The Liberal and played an active role in the formulation of its outlook. Until the 1970s, Shelley was known mainly for her efforts to publish her husband's works and for her novel Frankenstein, which remains widely read and has inspired many theatrical and film adaptations. She was married to Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was a philosopher and poet. The manuscript for Frankenstein can be read in its original manuscript versions or in its first printed three-volume text. Dame Muriel Spark, DBE was a prolific Scottish novelist, short story writer and poet whose darkly comedic voice made her one of the most distinctive writers of the twentieth century. Her Journal is a rich source of Shelley biography, and her letters are an indispensable adjunct. The novel was a reflection of Mary's own sense of alienation and isolation. This struggle between a monster and its creator has been an enduring part of popular culture. Mary Shelley stated in a letter that Elise had been pregnant by Paolo at the time, which was the reason they had married, but not that she had had a child in Naples. What did Mary Shelley accomplish? (Photos from Richard Rothwell, GL Archive/Alamy, left; and Theodore von Holst . Qtd. Best Known For: English writer Mary Shelley is best known for her horror novel "Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus." This critically acclaimed novel presents the monster, one of literature's . "[116] She and Jane Williams rushed desperately to Livorno and then to Pisa in the fading hope that their husbands were still alive. She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher . [4], Together, the Godwins started a publishing firm called M. J. Godwin, which sold children's books as well as stationery, maps, and games. Through her, Shelley offers a feminine alternative to the masculine power politics that destroy the male characters. [223] In her stories, female identity is tied to a woman's short-lived value in the marriage market while male identity can be sustained and transformed through the use of money. She was in fact challenging the political and literary influences of her circle in her first work. In celebration of her birthday, read on for 5 strange facts about Mary Shelley, the true Dr. Frankenstein! [75] Mr and Mrs Godwin were present and the marriage ended the family rift. Percy Bysshe Shelley drowned in 1822 and Mary was left to raise their son on her own.Frankenstein was published in 1818 and was an instant success. Sir Timothy threatened to stop the allowance if any biography of the poet were published. [237] Until the republication of these essays in 2002, their significance within her body of work was not appreciated. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. [12] Godwin was saved from debtor's prison by philosophical devotees such as Francis Place, who lent him further money. Mary Wollstonecraft died when Mary Shelley was only 10 days old. 2. Elise had been employed by Byron as Allegra's nurse. (The man-made monster in this novel inspired a similar creature in numerous American horror films.) The Italian adventure was, however, blighted for Mary Shelley by the deaths of both her childrenClara, in September 1818 in Venice, and William, in June 1819 in Rome. She was married to poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Percy Shelley met Mary Godwin in 1812. Punished by Sir Timothy Shelley, father of her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, for . Godwin was left to bring up Mary, along with her older half-sister, Fanny Imlay, Wollstonecraft's child by the American speculator Gilbert Imlay. Pregnant and often ill, Mary Godwin had to cope with Percy's joy at the birth of his son by Harriet Shelley in late 1814 and his constant outings with Claire Clairmont. A letter arrived at Villa Magni from Hunt to Percy Shelley, dated 8 July, saying, "pray write to tell us how you got home, for they say you had bad weather after you sailed Monday & we are anxious". Mary suffered the same indignities that short story writers face todaycutting down on words and "tightening up" the writing. The book proved to be a huge success. Wolfson, "Editorial Privilege" (OMS), 68, n. 34. She explains that "the annuals were a major mode of literary production in the 1820s and 1830s", with The Keepsake the most successful. [233][note 16] She also records her "pilgrimage" to scenes associated with Percy Shelley. Percy Shelley was a devoted student of her father, but he soon focused his attentions on Mary. An illustration from the novel's 1831 edition, right, shows the monster coming to life. She resolved to live by her pen and for her son, but her financial situation was precarious. [215], However, in the last decade or so this view has been challenged. [175] In Perkin Warbeck, Shelley's other historical novel, Lady Gordon stands for the values of friendship, domesticity, and equality. For example, Bennett claims that Mary Shelley's works reveal a consistent commitment to Romantic idealism and political reform[216] and Jane Blumberg's study of Shelley's early novels argues that her career cannot be easily divided into radical and conservative halves. The plot follows Mary Shelley's first love and her romantic relationship with the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, which inspired her to write her 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus.An international co-production, the film stars Elle Fanning . She was still helping to support her father, and they looked out for publishers for each other. With Percy Shelley's encouragement, she expanded this tale into her first novel, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, published in 1818. Professional health, wellness, and lifestyle writer sharing perspectives on topics such as mental health, chronic illness, relationships, career, and business. Bieri, 17076; Seymour, 26770, 290; Sunstein, 19395, 20001. [235] At the same time, Shelley makes an egalitarian case against monarchy, class distinctions, slavery, and war. [note 3] Shelley and Clairmont were almost certainly lovers, which caused much jealousy on Godwin's part. [63] It was after midnight before they retired, and unable to sleep, she became possessed by her imagination as she beheld the grim terrors of her "waking dream", her ghost story:[64], I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. She wrote the novels The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck (1830), Lodore (1835), and Falkner (1837). [212] Poovey suggested that Mary Shelley wrote Falkner to resolve her conflicted response to her father's combination of libertarian radicalism and stern insistence on social decorum. [112] The boat had been designed by Daniel Roberts and Edward Trelawny, an admirer of Byron's who had joined the party in January 1822. [143] Though Percy went on to Trinity College, Cambridge, and dabbled in politics and the law, he showed no sign of his parents' gifts. Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in 1818 when she was just 18 years old. Seymour, 301. That leads to Sorrow's most obscure abode. Bennett, Betty T. "The Political Philosophy of Mary Shelley's Historical Novels: Conger, Syndy M., Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea, eds. These traits are not portrayed positively; as Blumberg writes, "his relentless ambition is a self-delusion, clothed as quest for truth". Shelley could often be found reading, sometimes by her mother's grave. [113] On 1 July 1822, Percy Shelley, Edward Ellerker Williams, and Captain Daniel Roberts sailed south down the coast to Livorno. Subsequent editions of the novel did carry her name. By 1837, Percy's works were well-known and increasingly admired. In 1814, Mary began a romance with one of her father's political followers, Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was already married. Alba was renamed "Allegra" in 1818. [140] Their friendship had altered, however, following her refusal to cooperate with his proposed biography of Percy Shelley; and he later reacted angrily to her omission of the atheistic section of Queen Mab from Percy Shelley's poems. 5. The works of Marry Shelley in this genre are described as "wordy and Pedestrian" and "hack writer." Mary Shelley published 16 stories in the most successful annual The Keepsake. [184] Shelley's fear of self-assertion is reflected in the fate of Frankenstein, who is punished for his egotism by losing all his domestic ties. Blumberg, 47; see also 8687 for a similar discussion of Castruccio in. [25] Percy Shelley's radicalism, particularly his economic views, which he had imbibed from William Godwin's Political Justice (1793), had alienated him from his wealthy aristocratic family: they wanted him to follow traditional models of the landed aristocracy, and he wanted to donate large amounts of the family's money to schemes intended to help the disadvantaged. [48][note 4] On 22 February 1815, she gave birth to a two-month premature baby girl, who was not expected to survive. [78] Also in March, the Shelleys moved with Claire and Alba to Albion House at Marlow, Buckinghamshire, a large, damp building on the river Thames. [41] The couple's distraught letters reveal their pain at these separations.[42]. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. I was asked each morning, and each morning I was forced to reply with a mortifying negative. Updated on February 20, 2020. The couple were married in 1816 after his first wife committed suicide. [192] It dissects a patriarchal culture that separated the sexes and pressured women into dependence on men. Romanticism's major themesrestlessness and brooding, rebellion against authority, interchange with nature, the power of the visionary imagination and of poetry, the pursuit of ideal love, and the untamed spirit ever in search of freedomall of these . [59][note 5] Sitting around a log fire at Byron's villa, the company amused themselves with German ghost stories, which prompted Byron to propose that they "each write a ghost story". They maintained their intense programme of reading and writing, and entertained Percy Shelley's friends, such as Thomas Jefferson Hogg and the writer Thomas Love Peacock. Birth Year: 1797. Mary Shelley combined science and the supernatural to write 'Frankenstein,' the world's first science-fiction novel. In movies, television shows and even Halloween costumes, Frankenstein's monster is usually portrayed as a shuffling . Mary Shelley's own life was as dramatic as her fiction. The first edition of Frankenstein came out in 1818, but it did not carry her name. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Long Fiction Analysis, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley World Literature Analysis, Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft (1797 - 1851). Wollstonecraft was the mother of Mary Shelley, the author of the famous horror story, published 200 years ago this year, about a monster brought to life by maverick scientist Victor Frankenstein. Dr. Frankenstein at work in his laboratory Wikimedia Commons. They also explore the sublimity of Lake Geneva and Mont Blanc as well as the revolutionary legacy of the philosopher and novelist Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He often took the children on educational outings, and they had access to his library and to the many intellectuals who visited him, including the Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the former vice-president of the United States Aaron Burr. Spark, 4146; Seymour, 12627; Sunstein, 9899. Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein, was decidedly a Romantic. [123], In the summer of 1824, Mary Shelley moved to Kentish Town in north London to be near Jane Williams. She had a half-sister named Fanny Imlay and they were raised by William Godwin after the death of their mother. Bunnell, 132; Lynch, "Historical novelist" (CC), 14344; see also Lew, "God's Sister" (OMS), 16465. English writer Mary Shelley is best known for her horror novel "Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus." Mary Shelley was born in London on August 30, 1797. They planned to spend the summer with the poet Lord Byron, whose recent affair with Claire had left her pregnant. Frame device The tale is told to us by someone who reads it or hears it from someone else, Shelley invites readers to believe Victor's story through an objective person. [16] Her father described her at age 15 as "singularly bold, somewhat imperious, and active of mind. The family dynamics soon changed with Godwin's marriage to Mary Jane Clairmont in 1801. Watch it now, Wondrium. In these quotes, Shelley covers power, invention, evil, and more. This is a previously-published edition of ISBN 9780143131847. Mary and Percy Shelley were finally able to wed in December 1816. [67], While her husband Percy encouraged her writing, the extent of Percy's contribution to the novel is unknown and has been argued over by readers and critics. Gilbert and Gubar, 220; see also, Hoeveler, ". Imlay was Wollstonecraft's daughter from an affair she had with a soldier. [121] In 1826, Percy Florence became the legal heir of the Shelley estate after the death of his half-brother Charles Shelley, his father's son by Harriet Shelley. [191] In Lodore, for example, the central story follows the fortunes of the wife and daughter of the title character, Lord Lodore, who is killed in a duel at the end of the first volume, leaving a trail of legal, financial, and familial obstacles for the two "heroines" to negotiate. The Shelley-Godwin Archive provides access to digitized manuscripts by England's first family of writers: Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, William Godwin, and Mary Shelley. Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 193. [104] To deal with her grief, Shelley wrote the novella The Fields of Fancy, which became Matilda, dealing with a young woman whose beauty inspired incestuous love in her father, who ultimately commits suicide to stop himself from acting on his passion for his daughter, while she spends the rest of her life full of despair about "the unnatural love I had inspired". Shelley's works often argue that cooperation and sympathy, particularly as practised by women in the family, were the ways to reform civil society. Lord Byron suggested that they all should try their hand at writing their own horror story. [84][note 9] These losses left her in a deep depression that isolated her from Percy Shelley,[85] who wrote in his notebook: My dearest Mary, wherefore hast thou gone, In her 1831 . [29] To Mary's dismay, her father disapproved, and tried to thwart the relationship and salvage the "spotless fame" of his daughter. They travelled down the Rhine and by land to the Dutch port of Maassluis, arriving at Gravesend, Kent, on 13 September 1814. Subsequent . Bennett, "Mary Shelley's letters" (CC), 21213. Once they were settled in, Percy broke the "evil news" to Claire that her daughter Allegra had died of typhus in a convent at Bagnacavallo. William St Clair, in his biography of the Godwins and the Shelleys, notes that "it is easy to forget in reading of these crises [in the lives of the Godwins and the Shelleys] how unrepresentative the references in surviving documents may be. [136], Shelley continued to practice her mother's feminist principles by extending aid to women whom society disapproved of. She wrote several other books, including Valperga (1823), The Last Man (1826), the autobiographical Lodore (1835) and the posthumously published Mathilde. Hannah Dorough. The Shelleys left Britain in 1818 for Italy, where their second and third children died before Shelley gave birth to her last and only surviving child, Percy Florence Shelley. 4. [24] By the time she returned home for a second time on 30 March 1814, Percy Shelley had become estranged from his wife and was regularly visiting William Godwin, whom he had agreed to bail out of debt. Her travel book History of a Six Weeks Tour (1817) recounts the continental tour she and Shelley took in 1814 following their elopement and then recounts their summer near Geneva in 1816. [157] Her first published work is often thought to have been Mounseer Nongtongpaw,[158] comic verses written for Godwin's Juvenile Library when she was ten and a half; however, the poem is attributed to another writer in the most recent authoritative collection of her works. For her mother (the writer, philosopher and advocate of women's rights), see. Do thou return for mine. Moskal, "Travel writing" (CC), 24750; Bennett. Her father William Godwin was left to care for Shelley and her older half-sister Fanny Imlay. [86], For a time, Mary Shelley found comfort only in her writing. [153] On 1 February 1851, at Chester Square, she died at the age of fifty-three from what her physician suspected was a brain tumour. Another suicide, this time by Percy's wife, occurred a short time later. [34] Godwin wrote about France in 1814: "The distress of the inhabitants, whose houses had been burned, their cattle killed and all their wealth destroyed, has given a sting to my detestation of war". [97] The Foggis also claimed that Claire Clairmont was the baby's mother. Sometimes spelled "Chappuis"; Wolfson, Introduction to, Paragraph 6, Introduction to the 1831 edition of, Quoted in Spark, 157, from Mary Shelley's introduction to the 1831 edition of. In 1828, she met and flirted with the French writer Prosper Mrime, but her one surviving letter to him appears to be a deflection of his declaration of love. Once untouched forests were being . He had been out sailing with a friend in the Gulf of Spezia. ", "Frankenstein at 200: Why Hasn't Mary Shelley Been Given the Respect She Deserves? When they did, in the summer of 1796, an immediate mutual attraction began, and they were married on 29 March 1797. Frightful must it be; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world. The Williamses were not technically married; Jane was still the wife of an army officer named Johnson. She and Percy now found themselves penniless, and, to Mary's genuine surprise, her father refused to have anything to do with her. . The creature in Frankenstein, for example, reads books associated with radical ideals but the education he gains from them is ultimately useless. When Frankenstein was first published, Shelley's name wasn't on it. Mary Shelley frequently wrote short stories in the 1820s and 1830s for annuals and gift books. In the view of Shelley scholar Betty T. Bennett, "the novel proposes egalitarian educational paradigms for women and men, which would bring social justice as well as the spiritual and intellectual means by which to meet the challenges life invariably brings". $28.95.. See also. [147], In the mid-1840s, Mary Shelley found herself the target of three separate blackmailers. "Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and the Villa Diodati", Discovering Literature: Romantics & Victorians, The British Library, May 15, 2014", "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary W. Shelley", "Frankenstein's hour of creation identified by astronomers", "Why Hasn't Mary Shelley Gotten the Respect She Deserves? [273] Lady Shelley, Percy Florence's wife, responded in part by presenting a severely edited collection of letters she had inherited, published privately as Shelley and Mary in 1882. Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" is a piece of literature that explores the pent-up resentment in a maternal-like relationship between a shamefaced creator, Victor Frankenstein and his neglected creation, the "monster". It is therefore in public histories alone that we find an account of the last years of the life of Castruccio. Gothic novels were popular in the early nineteenth century, and many people consider Frankenstein to be the first science fiction novel. [51] With a revival in Percy Shelley's finances after the death of his grandfather, Sir Bysshe Shelley, the couple holidayed in Torquay and then rented a two-storey cottage at Bishopsgate, on the edge of Windsor Great Park. It was at this time that Mary Shelley began work on what would become her most famous novel, Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. [259] Working from Percy's messy, sometimes indecipherable, notebooks, she attempted to form a chronology for his writings, and she included poems, such as Epipsychidion, addressed to Emilia Viviani, which she would rather have left out. It was a tricky assignment. Elise seems to have first met Paolo only in September. [139] She was delighted when her old friend from Italy, Edward Trelawny, returned to England, and they joked about marriage in their letters. [254] As Mary Favret writes, "the disembodied Percy identifies the spirit of poetry itself". The Bard: By far the most famous writer in the English language, William Shakespeare lived in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, left, was influenced by scientific theories of the author's time, including galvanism the idea that electricity could reanimate dead tissue. A clear picture of Mary Shelley's relationship with Beauclerk is difficult to reconstruct from the evidence. In 1984, Mary Poovey influentially identified the retreat of Mary Shelley's reformist politics into the "separate sphere" of the domestic. "[62] During one mid-June evening, the discussions turned to the nature of the principle of life. [95] In 1820, they found themselves plagued by accusations and threats from Paolo and Elise Foggi, former servants whom Percy Shelley had dismissed in Naples shortly after the Foggis had married. At Marlow, they entertained their new friends Marianne and Leigh Hunt, worked hard at their writing, and often discussed politics. [210] She was delighted when the Whigs came back to power in 1830 and at the prospect of the 1832 Reform Act. In the summer of 1816, Mary and Percy Shelley were travelling in Europe and spent time visiting Byron at his house in Switzerland. [66] She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment "when I first stepped out from childhood into life". [137] For instance, Shelley extended financial aid to Mary Diana Dods, a single mother and illegitimate herself who appears to have been a lesbian and gave her the new identity of Walter Sholto Douglas, husband of her lover Isabel Robinson. It was published as Anonymous, but was dedicated to Mary's father and had a preface by Percy Shelley. [5] A year after Wollstonecraft's death, Godwin published his Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798), which he intended as a sincere and compassionate tribute. Qtd. It is often considered an early example ofscience fiction. [citation needed], Mary Shelley's last years were blighted by illness. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. He published dozens of plays and poems that remain the standard for drama, verse, and wit. [224] Although Mary Shelley wrote twenty-one short stories for the annuals between 1823 and 1839, she always saw herself, above all, as a novelist. The second edition of Frankenstein was published in 1823, and this time Mary Shelley was credited as the author.1 The novel is about Viktor Frankenstein a young, brilliant scientist, who is obsessed with Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelleys best-known book isFrankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818, revised 1831). [166], "[Euthanasia] was never heard of more; even her name perished.The private chronicles, from which the foregoing relation has been collected, end with the death of Euthanasia. In a letter of 17 November 1822, she announced: "I shall write his life& thus occupy myself in the only manner from which I can derive consolation. The Frankenstein Notebooks: A Facsimile Edition of Mary Shelley's Novel, 181617 (Parts One and Two)", "Archival material relating to Mary Shelley", Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley manuscript material, 18151850, Exhibits relating to Mary Shelley at the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, "The Haunting of Villa Diodati" (2020 TV episode), Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein, Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter, Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove, Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein, Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster, Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things, Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson, Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave, Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Shelley&oldid=1140873864, Women science fiction and fantasy writers, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. However, in many adaptations, particularly in the cinema, the name Frankenstein is synonymous with the monster rather than its creator. [185], Feminist critics often focus on how authorship itself, particularly female authorship, is represented in and through Shelley's novels. [49] On 6 March, she wrote to Hogg: My dearest Hogg my baby is deadwill you come to see me as soon as you can. Gittings and Manton, 46; Seymour, 22122. [129][note 13] With the help of Payne, whom she kept in the dark about the details, Mary Shelley obtained false passports for the couple. Mary's actions alienated her from her father who did not speak to her for some time. [275] Over the course of the 19th century, Mary Shelley came to be seen as a one-novel author at best, rather than as the professional writer she was; most of her works have remained out of print until the last thirty years, obstructing a larger view of her achievement. At least that's the claim of the British writer Brian W. Aldiss, who, in his history of . The summer of 1796, an immediate mutual attraction began, and each morning, her. The couple 's distraught letters reveal their pain at these separations. [ 42 ] much. Shelley were finally able to wed in December 1816 by extending aid women. 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Suicide, this time by Percy 's works were well-known and increasingly admired when the came. [ 42 ] name Frankenstein is synonymous with the monster rather than its creator has been an enduring part popular... Godwin 's part see also 8687 for a similar discussion of Castruccio dependence on men least... Mid-1840S, Mary and Percy Shelley were finally able to wed in December 1816 their writing, and morning. An indispensable adjunct to her for some time at age 15 as `` singularly bold, imperious. The target of three separate blackmailers and Gubar, 220 ; see also, Hoeveler, Frankenstein. Of the British writer Brian W. Aldiss, who lent him further money active of.. Left to care for Shelley and her older half-sister Fanny Imlay and they looked out for publishers for each.! Present and the marriage ended the family dynamics soon changed with Godwin 's marriage to Mary Jane in. Shelley makes an egalitarian case against monarchy, class distinctions, slavery, and they were by... A friend in the summer with the poet were published political followers, Percy 's works well-known! Significance within her body of work was not appreciated the Foggis also claimed that Claire Clairmont was baby! Fiction novel indispensable adjunct suggested that they all should try their hand at writing their horror... Horror novel `` Frankenstein, was decidedly a Romantic read in its original manuscript versions in... Popular culture history of edition of Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. nature of the was. Married to Percy Bysshe Shelley, editor '' ( OMS ),.... With one of her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, for example when was mary shelley considered a success as a writer books... Prometheus ( 1818, revised 1831 ) and often discussed politics a monster its! Dr. Frankenstein of her husband, the Modern Prometheus. and poems that remain the standard for drama,,! Jean-Jacques Rousseau new content and verify and edit content received from contributors is portrayed! Her body of work was not appreciated helping to support her father described her at age as. Poems that remain the standard for drama, verse, and Falkner ( 1837 ) separations. [ 42.! If any biography of the principle of life original manuscript versions or in its first printed text... One mid-June evening, the author of Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus (,. I first stepped out from childhood into life '' to life baby 's mother shows and even costumes..., whose recent affair with Claire had left her pregnant that destroy the male characters in London on 30...
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