[19], Little is known of the language of the Calusa. The Southeast is one of 10 culture areas that scholars use to study the Indigenous peoples of the United States and Canada. Circumstantial evidence, primarily from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the Tequesta, Mayaimi, and Tocobaga, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. In 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida. The Calusa artifacts discovered on Marco Island date from 300 AD to 1500 AD, prior to European contact in Florida. The fishing nets they used to catch food were made from palm tree fibers. (1993).
The Calusa Indians, who live in southwest Florida, are weakened by epidemics. Reagan restored the Tribes to federal recognition by signing Public Law 98-481. Field school students brush sand from a tabby wall that might be the outer wall of Fort San Antn de Carlos. One illustration of the sophistication of the Calusa can be found in eyewitness accounts of an event in 1566. The explorers soon became the targets of the Calusa attacks. The rich and relatively stable coastal ecology of southwest Florida provided an abundance of marine lifenumerous kinds of fish, shellfish, and sea mammalsthat was capable of supporting a large human population. Shells and clay were used by the Calusa to create the foundation of their cities. Cultivated gourds were used as net floats, and sinkers and net weights were made from mollusk shells. "[6] In 1564, according to a Spanish source, the priest was the chief's father, and the military leader was his cousin. They were descendants of Paleo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida approximately 12,000 years ago. Although we cannot be sure what values the masks and animal figureheads held for the Calusa, they may have been markers of clan affiliation, and the animals represented most likely played important roles in Calusa mythology and religion. Gainesville: University of Florida Press: Florida Museum of Natural History, 1991. Tabby, also called tabbi or tapia, is made by burning shells to create lime, which is then mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. By the 1700s though, the Tequesta people had disappeared. The walls were covered entirely with masks colored red, white, and black (Hann 1991). At Mound Key, the Spaniards used primitive tabby as a mortar to stabilize the posts in the walls of their wooden structures. Florida Museum of Natural History Florida and Georgia archaeologists have discovered the location of Fort San Antn de Carlos, home of one of the first Jesuit missions in North America. The men wore their hair long. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. The Calusa, who had no immunity against such illnesses, were wiped out in large numbers. 2). Apart from that, shells are said to have been used by the Calusa to make all sorts of things, including tools, jewelry, utensils, and even spearheads for fishing and hunting. These Indians were so unfriendly that this was one of the first tribes that Spanish explorers wrote home about in 1513. Uniquely, it was powered by fishing, not farming. The capital of the Calusa, and where the rulers administered from, was Mound Key, near present day Estero, Florida. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Each human had three souls, present in his shadow, his reflection in water and in the pupil of his eye. At the time of first European contact, the Caloosahatchee culture region formed the core of the Calusa domain. Because of their reliance on shellfish, they accumulated large shell middens during this period. 01 Mar 2023 , 3260 South Street
Their territory ranged from Tampa Bay south to the Ten Thousand Islands and as far east as Lake Okeechobee. The Calusa people were an important tribe of Florida. This article is good but it does not provide any data related to the status of the Calusa people at the first arrival of Spaniards in 1513 leaded by Juan Ponce de Leon, its "discoverer". The Calusa: "The Shell Indians". The Calusa were a tribe of Native Americans known as the "Shell Indians" and some of the first Floridians. No Zamia pollen has been found at any site associated with the Calusas, nor does Zamia grow in the wetlands that made up most of the Calusa environment. The Tribes' sovereignty was once again recognized and funding was restored for education, housing and health programs. Many of them are trying to do this on the Internet. Menndez left a garrison of soldiers and a Jesuit mission, San Antn de Carlos, at the Calusa capital. 9). Favored sites were likely occupied for multiple generations. Marquardt and Victor Thompson of the University of Georgia are co-directing research at Mound Key, which has a complex arrangement of shell midden mounds, canals, watercourts and other features. Florida Museum artifact photos by Jeff Gage. At the top of the hierarchy was the chief, who had control over the life and death of his subjects, and was believed to have the ability to communicate with the spirits. Perhaps a dancer wore the mask and carried the figurehead of the particular animal he was emulating (Cushing 1896). You could hire a shaman and pay for his services. The Calusa used wooden dugout canoes to aid them in fishing and for transport. The lifestyle of the Calusa was leisurely, and they enjoyed numerous celebrations and feasts, many of which were connected to religious ceremonies at which lavish meals were prepared. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Calusa Tribe. "Florida Indians of Past and Present", in Carson, Ruby Leach and, Goggin, John M., and William C. Sturtevant. This now makes three southwest Florida sites with wet-site preservation of such items as wood, cordage and netting: the Pineland Site Complex, Key Marco and now Mound Key..
Join CJ as he discusses: The origins of the Calusa Their physical description Their society, hierarchy, and religion Soon 20 war canoes attacked the Spanish, who drove off the Calusa, killing or capturing several of them. Marquardt quotes a statement from the 1570s that "the Bay of Carlos in the Indian language is called Escampaba, for the cacique of this town, who afterward called himself Carlos in devotion to the Emperor" (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). Figuring out how to shore up the walls of wooden buildings using a very early kind of tabby architecture is impressive and represents creative thinking and ingenuity in an unfamiliar and challenging setting, said Marquardt. They began preliminary investigations of the fort, which was located on Mound 2 and housed one of the first Jesuit missions established in the U.S. The men wore deerskin breechcloths. They were a fierce, independent tribe that lived in southwest Florida as early as 2,000 years ago. South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography, South Florida Archaeology & Ethnography Collection. They were one of the first tribes in South Florida and they settled near Biscayne Bay in the present-day Miami area. The plaques and other objects were often painted.
Copy. Additionally, they had (as their name suggests) a fierce, war-like reputation. Rogel also stated that the chief's name was Caalus, and that the Spanish had changed it to Carlos. What formation processes resulted in the complex of mounds and other features there? Little was recorded of jewelry or other ornamentation among the Calusa. ARTIFACTS & OBJECTS Racoon tail Fish bladder ear decorations Body tattoos Wood spear with bone tip Shell bead necklace Shell pendant Shell bead bracelet Bald Eagle Spanish admiral Pedro Menndez de Avils (1519-1574) by Francisco de Paula Mart (1762-1827) ( Public Domain ). The men and boys of the tribe made nets from palm tree webbing to catch mullet, pinfish, pigfish, and catfish. The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity (and European style) would be a great sacrifice. In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months.[27]. [3] Some Archaic artifacts have been found in the region later occupied by the Calusa, including one site classified as early Archaic, and dated prior to 5000 BC. //-->. Credit: Florida Museum of Natural History ). Certain ceremonies were performed to seal the alliance (and perhaps also as a display of the might of the Calusa), and was witnessed by over 4000 people. New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. Since it seems to be working, many people still believe in the legend. /* 728x15 link ad */
[8], Some authors have argued that the Calusa cultivated maize and Zamia integrifolia (coontie) for food. One of Cushings crew members, Wells M. Sawyer, was an artist and photographer; he painted lifelikewatercolors and took field photos of many of the specimens as they came from the mud. After each meal, these shells were put to good use as building material and tools. Upon learning that the Spaniards did not intend to provide food, clothing, and other gifts, the Calusa rebelled, tenaciously holding to their own beliefs and practices. After ten days a man who spoke Spanish approached Ponce de Len's ships with a request to wait for the arrival of the Calusa chief. [1], Early Spanish and French sources referred to the tribe, its chief town, and its chief as Calos, Calus, Caalus, and Carlos. By the early 1600s the Calusa returned to Mound Key and reestablished their capital. The University Museum has an exceptional collection of artifacts from the Calusa site at Key Marco, Florida. The Beast with an insatiable Hunger for Human Flesh, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Red Taj Mahal and the Dutch Hessings of India. Ivar the Boneless was likely the son of legendary Viking king Ragnar Lothbrok, and raided alongside his father and brothers, eventually becoming ruler of York in England in the 9th century AD. Marquardt, William H. (2004). The Spanish departed and returned to Puerto Rico. The Calusa Indians did not farm like the other Indian tribes in Florida. Their main waterway was the Calooshahatchee River, which means River of the Calusa. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. [2], Paleo-Indians entered what is now Florida at least 12,000 years ago. From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. The Calusa knew of the Spanish before this landing, however, as they had taken in Native American refugees from the Spanish subjugation of Cuba. Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. It seems clear that while the Spaniards wanted strategic control of the region, the Calusa territory provided them with little economic incentive for serious pursuit; they and other Europeans explored more promising regions to the north. "They had an established religion. Carlos was succeeded by his cousin (and brother-in-law) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. Such hierarchy and inequality are generally characteristics of societies that practice agriculture, he observed. When combined with historical and archaeological documentation, Cushings finds from Key Marco teach us about the Calusa Indians around the time of contact. Return to our menu of Native American cultures
The next day 80 "shielded" canoes attacked the Spanish ships, but the battle was inconclusive. [Online]Available at: https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/research/calusa-domain/, floridahistory.org, 2016. The archaeologists were surprised to discover the Spanish used a primitive shell concrete known as tabby to stabilize the wall posts of their wooden structures. [16], Ceremonial or otherwise artistic masks have been discovered and were previously described by the Spanish who first encountered the Calusa. [8], The Calusa caught most of their fish with nets. In 1513 Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon sailed northwest from the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) with a three-year royal contract to discover rich lands thought to lie in that direction. The Carolinan colonists supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. In 1517 Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba landed in southwest Florida on his return voyage from discovering the Yucatn. 4 . Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Typical Women's Work. "Chapter 10. Like the Calusa, the Tequesta were devastated by European diseases. Request Answer. In 1569, just three years after the Spanish fort was built, the Calusa attacked a Spanish supply ship, prompting more violence. 2013-09-27 21:18:35. Indigenous people of the Everglades region, "Fish Hooks, Gorges, and Leister - Natural & Cultural Collections of South Florida (U.S. National Park Service)", Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica Relationship, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa&oldid=1140745100, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bullen, Adelaide K. (1965). (1964). To date no one has found a Calusa dugout canoe, but it is speculated that such vessels would have been constructed from cypress or pine, as used by other Florida tribes. Some of the survivors were sent to Cuba by the Spanish, while others may have merged with other Floridian Indians and eventually joined the Seminole tribe. It is documented that their power and influence extended over . (Cushing was an anthropologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology, and was well known for his pioneering work at Zuni Pueblo.) During the Calusa's reign the Florida coastline extended roughly 60 miles further into the Gulf of Mexico. It's also possible that a few were absorbed into the Seminole tribe. [7] The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a "clan-sister". (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. The Calusa were one of the few tribes known to be shell collectors. Tamara Jager Stewart is the assistant editor of American Archaelogy and the Conservancys Southwest region projects director. The Calusa are said to have been a socially complex and politically powerful tribe, and most of southern Florida was controlled by them. [17], The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. The Calusa men were tall and well built with long hair. While there is no evidence that the Calusa had institutionalized slavery, studies show they would use captives for work or even sacrifice. Little is known about Calusa religion. The Shell People. In his second voyage, Ponce de Leon received a poisoned arrow that hounded his tight and he died in Cuba the same year in 1521.His decease is attributed to Calusa people. Penn Museum 2023 Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help / Contact / Copyright / Disclaimer / Privacy /, Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help. But Widmer argues that the evidence for maize cultivation by the Calusa depends on the proposition that the Narvez and de Soto expeditions landed in Charlotte Harbor rather than Tampa Bay, which is now generally discounted. Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. The Calusa built their entire way of life around the ocean and estuaries of the Gulf Coast, creating a vast empire by learning to manipulate their environment. The Legend of the Calusa Many people believe that the Calusa made a trip to Cuba in their canoes and traded with the Mayans. 215.898.4000. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world (Art by Merald Clark.) The chief's house was described as having two big windows, suggesting that it had walls. Schell, Rolfe F. 1,000 years on Mound Key; the story of the Caloosa Indians on . By 880, a complex society had developed with high population densities. The people who constructed Fort San Antn de Carlos had to adapt to Mound Keys unique conditions, researchers said. The Calusa (said to mean fierce people ) are a Native American tribe that once inhabited the southwestern coast of Florida. At least three of the animal figureheads were found in close association with wooden humanlike masks which Cushing understood to represent the human form of that animal. Around 1983, Donald found remains (ancient pottery and burial mounds) of Calusa Indians on some of his property, Josslyn Island. Around A.D. 1250, the area experienced a drop in sea level that, according to research team member Karen Walker, collections manager at the Florida Museum of Natural History, may have impacted fish populations enough to have prompted the Calusa to design and build the watercourts. Among other things. Pine tree legends
The Calusa may have been the only ancient people in North America who established a kingdom without practicing agriculture. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? New Moai Statue Found on Chiles Easter Island Excites Researchers. Since the soft limestone that surrounded them was unfitting for tool and weapon production, they decided to use shells, wood, fish teeth, and bone for tools. Franciscan friar Fray Lopez, director of the unsuccessful 1697 mission attempt, described the Calusa temples as very tall and wide, with a mound in the middle and a structure on the mound enclosed with reed mats and containing benches around the walls. Southeastern Archaeology, 33(1), 124. By around 5000 BC, people started living in villages near wetlands. This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menndez de Avils in 1566. There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. The first phase of work included the creation of a detailed topographic map of the island using LiDAR, which gave archaeologists information about its structures and geography. Known for their equestrian skills and bravery in battle, they played a crucial role in expanding the empire and establishing its dominance. Marquardt, Thompson and other University of Georgia colleagues and students began fieldwork at Mound Key in 2013, funded by the National Geographic Society. For hundreds of years, the Calusa built a society that had its own government, a religion, and adaptation to the environment that is quite impressive. These massive, rectangular structures built of shell and sediment enclose large areas on both sides of the mouth of Mound Keys great canal, a marine highway nearly 2,000 feet long and about 100 feet wide that bisects the island. [5] A few leaders governed the tribe. It is likely there are descendants of the Calusa living among the Native American people of Florida and in Cuba today., In terms of Mound Key, much more can be learned about the Spanish fort and mission, the relations between the Calusa and the Spaniards and the earlier, pre-contact occupations of the island, Marquardt said. 3). Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, Dont Cross the Kobolds: Mischievous Spirits of European Folklore, The Curious Apparitions of Pagan Goddesses to the German Knights Templar, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, The Gristhorpe Man: A Bronze Age Skeleton with a Story to Tell, The Origins of Human Language: One of the Hardest Problems in Science, Translation of 5,500-Year-Old Babel Text from China Reveals Oldest Known Map of Inner Solar System, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire. There were engineers. 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